當前美濃地區客家族群教養觀之實徵研究

Research on Modern Nurture Concept of Hakka in MeiNung Region

客家人向來是一個重視文化與教育的族群，而此崇文重教的傳統，在高雄美濃地區的保留尤為明顯。惟隨著社會變遷，當前美濃客家族群的教養觀，有些似與傳統存在差異。本文透過問卷調查，實徵研究主要的發現是：不同世代教養觀有同有異，同者是皆認為教養子女是父母共同的責任。異者是：教養目標上，同意「把書讀好最重要」的，老年組高於中、青年組；教養方式上，年齡愈高愈不同意採取責罵與體罰；親子關係上，年齡愈長愈認同子女對自己表現尊敬和尊重，但愈不同意親子像好朋友；客家文化精神傳承上，要傳給下一代的前三項依序是「尊師重道」、「節儉風氣」、「刻苦精神」，與過去研究結果略有出入，年紀愈高期求強度愈大。至於不同背景變項教養觀的差異情形是：教養職責上，「51歲以上」顯著高於各年齡層，「國小國中」教育程度者顯著高於「高中（職）」；教養目標上，「41-50歲」顯著高於「30歲以下」；教養方式上，「研究所」顯著高於「高中（職）」以下，「軍公教」組顯著高於「工」業組；親子關係上，「41-50歲」顯著高於「30歲以下」，「女性」顯著高於「男性」，「高中（職）」顯著高於「國小國中」；客家文化精神傳承上，「31歲以上」各組均顯著高於「30歲以下」；整體教養觀上，「31歲以上」各組均顯著高於「30歲以下」。可以說，當前美濃客家族群父母的教養觀，各背景變項間互有變化，大致呈現年紀愈高者傳統的教養理念愈濃厚，年紀愈低者則愈淡薄。

Hakka people are known for their focus on Culture and Education, their respects for Culture and Education is more districts in MeiNung, Kaohsiung. Through the change of the society, the nurturing of the current MeiNung Hakka family started to drift apart from the traditional ways. With Questionnaires, the research majorly shows: nurturing in different age groups have both similarity and differences with one another. They all agreed that nurture is the job for both parents, but on the goal of nurturing, ＂Education is most important＂ is favored by elder group but not middle age and youth group; higher the age group, the more they disagree with rebuke and punishment; on interaction, elder group want their children to show piety and respect, and disagree with the relationship like friends; the continued tradition of Hakka culture, the major focuses to pass down to the next generations are in the order of＂ Respect the Wise＂, ＂Continuous Saving＂, ＂Hardworking＂, have slight difference with the past research, higher age groups demand youth to follow the traditions more strictly. As to different backgrounds leads to different nurture concepts: on nurture responsibility, ＂Age 51+＂ is higher than any other group＂, education background ＂Elementary/Middle school＂ is notably higher than ＂High school＂ group; on nurturing goal, ＂Age 41-50＂ is higher than ＂Age30-＂;on nurture patterns, ＂Grads School＂ is notably higher than any group lower than ＂High School＂, ＂Government Employee＂ is higher than ＂Industrial business＂, parents/children relationship, ＂Age 41-50＂ is higher than ＂Age 30-＂, ＂Women＂ is higher than ＂Men＂, ＂High school＂ is higher than ＂Elementary/Middle School＂; on inheritance of the tradition of Hakka family value, all groups above ＂Age 31+＂ are all notably higher than ＂Age 30-＂. The nurturing standpoint of current Hakka family in MeiNung, every background plays influence with one another. Conclusion in a nutshell, higher age groups shows deeper approach to the traditions, younger groups shows the opposite.