城市指南與近代青島的空間變遷（1898－1949）

City Guidebooks and the Spatial Transformation of Modern Qingdao

城市指南是近代中國大量出現的一種新式城市資訊類書籍，或為外來者提供行旅指導，或為經營者提供投資資訊，或充當施政者的推介廣告以及本地市民的生活嚮導；與城市變遷結成了密切的互文關係。在二十世紀前半個世紀裡，青島出現了德文、英文、日文、中文的導覽、導遊、概觀、要覽、概要、案內等各類城市指南書籍達二十多種。由於出版者、編撰旨趣以及目標讀者不同，這些指南各具特色，包羅萬象，涉及中外關係、政治局勢、經濟狀況、城市功能與定位、景點名勝以及遊覽路線等各種內容，是瞭解青島空間發展脈絡與社會文化變遷的重要歷史文本。早期的德文指南志在把青島作為德國在遠東的「模範殖民地」和避暑勝地進行宣傳、炫耀與推介，英文指南旨在向歐洲人提供瞭解青島與山東的便利工具，日文指南所強調的是日本人的經略野心、皇權思想與軍國主義，凸顯了日佔青島以後的社會經濟狀況、空間格局以及城市功能方面的變遷。中文指南所傳達的則是中國人強烈的城市自我意識、市政管理能力與民族文化認同。無論何種版本的青島指南其中所隱含的空間變遷及其理念表述都顯而易見，城市空間發展脈絡中的殖民化與去殖民化、建設傳統與城市特色、地景塑造與城市功能等問題均可從中找到答案。

City guidebooks were a new type of publication in modern China. They offered advice to visitors, businessmen, and locals, thus reflecting and affecting urban change. In the first half of the twentieth century, Qingdao saw over twenty kinds of city guidebooks, such as travel guides, city overviews, short guides and general information, in a variety of languages including German, Japanese, English, and Chinese. These books covered a large variety of topics: foreign relations, political conditions, economic conditions, city functions, tourist spots, and travel routes, and therefore are important historical records of Qingdao’s spatial development and social and cultural transformation. Early guidebooks written in German praised Qingdao as “the perfect model colony” and recommended it for summer vacations; English versions aimed to provide Europeans with useful information; and the Japanese guidebooks reflected Japan’s expansionist plans while highlighting Qingdao’s social and economic functions as a Japanese colony. Qingdao guidebooks also conveyed the Chinese people’s sense of autonomy, ability, and cultural identity in city management. Qingdao’s spatial formation and its guiding principles were reflected in the guidebooks, as were colonization and decolonization, traditions and characteristics, and landscapes and functions.