廬山慧遠的兩個面向－－從〈廬山略記〉與〈遊石門詩序〉談起

Hui Yuan's Double Aspects: A Discussion of 'Lushan Lueji' and' You Shimen Shixu'

慧遠作為一代高僧，無論在早期教義的宣揚、僧權的維護，或儒、玄與佛、道的辯道，均為佛教史上的關鍵角色。其在教義與護教上的重大成就，論者已多，但就其聖人之學與文詠的關係，還可運用兩篇與廬山有關的文學材料：〈廬山略記〉與〈游石門詩序〉，即從一個「實踐者」的角度切入，在聖者崇拜與遺跡崇拜詮釋的觀點下探討慧遠在廬山的重要意義：如何開闢於斯、定居於斯，將一座原本遺存神仙之跡、俗信之跡的「名山」，經由山水地記與遊觀之作，收編既有之諸多神話、傳説，最終融入「佛教化」的文本敘述，使之成為一己安身立命之所，也藉由方内、方外之交的文詠活動，將廬山轉化為一時矚目的新舞臺。從這一空間創造的角度，可以觀察慧遠如何經由廬山展現其僧人之外的「文人」面向，而這一文人風格又與六朝文人有微妙的差別，也即是從兩篇記、遊之作發現：慧遠如何在廬山創造新的聖跡，也奠定其轉化「聖境」、躬身實踐，成為一高僧的形塑過程。

As an eminent monk in the history of Chinese Buddhism, Hui Yuan 慧遠 played a key role in disseminating early Buddhist doctrines, defending the rights of monks, and debating religious issues with scholars of other philosophies during his time. His successes in these regards has been amply discussed. However, his contribution in combining the study of Buddhist hagiography with literary activities has attracted little attention. This paper, therefore, aims to view Hui Yuan as a 'practitioner,' and uses his two Mount Lu-related literary texts, 'Lushan Lueji' 廬山略記 and 'You Shimen Shixu' 遊石門詩序, to explore the significance of Mount Lu for Hui Yuan, and to interpret his study from two perspectives: the worship of a saint and as a sacred place. This analysis will show how Hui Yuan, through his writings, informs and creates a 'legendary mountain.' His writings also demonstrate how the monk/author incorporated the myths and legends of Mount Lu already in existence with his own, thereby creating for himself a Mount Lu tinted with 'Buddhist discourse.' In other words, Mount Lu is transformed into a stage, where Hui Yuan could present himself as both a literati and monk through his literary activities and religious debates.