1950 年代至1970 年代的中華民國外交政策

The Diplomatic Policies of R.O.C. during 1950s to 1970s

第二次世界大戰結束後，由於國民黨在國共內戰中的失敗以及國際間冷戰的演變，美國此時已有放棄支持國民政府的打算，中華民國失去多邊外交機會，而依賴一個超強國家－－美國而生存，在國際上處於孤立的地位，外交趨於消極。1950 年韓戰爆發，中華民國表達支援韓戰，然而杜魯門深怕因台灣軍隊的介入，會造成與中共軍隊正面衝突而引發第三次世界大戰的危險，因此拒絕接受蔣介石的提議。1949 年10 月1 日，中華人民共和國成立，海峽兩岸，到底哪一邊才能真正代表中國，便成了爭議。50 年代，美國對我國在聯合國的政策是採取「緩議」的策略。60 年代的後期，美國對我國在聯合國的態度，改採「雙重代表」的思維。然而在國際情勢的壓力下，又因中共堅決的反對下，美國終於放棄了支持台灣，中華民國遂於1971 年10 月25 日，宣布退出聯合國。1969 年春，中共與蘇聯在珍寶島發生嚴重的軍事衝突，因蘇聯決定緩和與中共的緊張關係，中華民國政府與蘇聯合作的機會趨向冷淡，雙方沒有達成共識。面對國際強權政治的現實，在1950 年至1970 年代，中華民國實際上已是美國的被保護國；中華民國政府的外交，幾乎完全依賴美國而訂定，在國際關係中接受美國的指導。

After World War II, due to the evolution of the KMT government’s defeat in the Civil war. The United States has decided to abandon the KMT government in the Cold War. The ROC lost opportunities of multilateral diplomacy. She relies on the United States, the most powerful country in the world to survive. She was in an isolated position in the international arena. Her Diplomatic Policies to other countries tend to negative. Korean War broke out in 1950. The Chiang’s government had expressed her support to South Korea in the Korean War. But Truman, the president of the United States, was afraid that Taiwan military intervention will conflict with the Communist Party. It would result World War III. Therefore, he rejected Chiang’s proposal. The People Republic of China was founded on October 1, 1949. Which one can represent China, The Republic of China or The People Republic of China? In 1950s, the diplomatic policy of US on China is mainly adopted a ＂deferment policy＂ in the United Nations. In 1960s, the diplomatic policy of US on China is mainly adopted a ＂Two China＂ in the United Nations. Not only under the pressure of the international situation, but also under the Chinese Communist Party firmly opposed, the United States finally gave up to support Taiwan. Finally, Taiwan announced to withdrawal from the United Nations on October 25, 1971. The People Republic of China had occurred serious military conflict with the Soviet Union on Damansky Island in the spring in 1969. The Soviet Union decided to ease tensions with The People Republic of China. Taiwan government and the Soviet Union tended to cool down. Both of them failed to reach a consensus. Faced with the realities of international power politics, Taiwan has actually been a protectorate of the United States in the 1950s~1970s. The diplomatic policy of the Taiwan entirely focused on the US. Taiwan accepted the guidance of the United States on international relations.