從認知觀點論閩南語「八／識」的語法化

Grammaticalization of Pat4 in Southern Min: A Cognitive Perspective

本文從認知觀點探討「八／識」因歷時變化而產生的多功能性，語料主要取材於明清時期的戲文 (Wu 2001a, b, c, d) 及現代閩南語 (Douglas 1873, Tung 2001)。閩南語的認知有兩種，分別詞彙化為「八／識pat」（認識）和「知影」（知道）。就詞源的證據而言，經驗體貌標記「八／識」是由表示認識義的實詞「八／識」演變而來。人的經驗是以五種感覺為基礎的，「八／識」由認識義語法化為經驗的體貌標記，其中連貫的脈絡是共通的語義成分──「經驗」。閩南語「八／識」作為新經驗標記，十六世紀中葉就有書證可循，但是當時只出現於非肯定的句式中，舊經驗標記「嘗」的用例中四分之三也出現於非肯定句式中。越來越多的舊經驗標記「嘗」出現於非肯定式中，逐步讓位給新興的經驗標記「八／識」。「曾＋八／識」的並列格式可能反映，「曾」是驅使經驗標記「八／識」出現的原動力。

The paper offers a cognitive perspective in which to explore the polyfunctionality of the word pat4 八 diachronically, as attested in four Ming and Qing play scripts (Wu 2001a, b, c, d) in conjunction with modern Southern Min (Douglas 1873, Tung 2001). There are two kinds of knowing lexicalized as pat4 (know-KENNEN) and chai1-iann2 (know-WISSEN) respectively. I argue on the basis of etymological evidence that the experiential marker pat4 developed from the lexeme pat4 (know-KENNEN). The common semantic feature of experience based on the five senses motivates grammaticalization of pat4 as a lexeme to an experiential marker. On the one hand, the emergence of pat4 as a new experiential marker in Southern Min dating no later than the mid-sixteenth century was found to be confined to non-positive sentences. On the other hand, three-fourths of the total counts of the old experiential marker cheng5 occurred in non-positive sentences. The increasing distribution of cheng5 as an old experience marker in non-positive sentences seems to have paved the way for the emergence of pat4 as a newly rising experience marker. The juxtaposition of cheng5-pat4 as an experiential marker indicates that the older experience marker cheng4 may be a driving force that prompts the emergence of pat4 as an experiential marker.