從角色指稱語法看漢語連續動詞的語意與句法連結

Linking Semantics and Syntax in Mandarin Serial Verbs: A Role and Reference Grammar Account

本文以角色指稱語法 (Role and Reference Grammar) 來探討漢語的結果動詞結構與連動結構，旨在了解名詞論元如何與句法相連結。參考許多語言學家如van Voorst (1988)、Dowty (1991)、van Hout (1993)、Tenny (1994)、Croft (1998)、Rosen (1996, 1999)、Van Valin & LaPolla (1997:128) 及 Chang (2003) 的意見之後，本文認為主要決定論元如何及何處與句法連結的是參與者角色，而非論旨角色。為了能夠有系統地解釋漢語結果動詞結構與連動結構中複雜的語法現象，本文提出二個主要觀點：(1) 承受者的多元角色 (Undergoer Macrorole) 應該進一步區分為動作的承受者與終點的承受者兩種；(2) 根據「多元角色顯著層級」原則 (Macrorole Prominence Hierarchies)，當邏輯結構出現兩個完全相同的論元，其中一個論元會在句法上呈現出來，而另一個則滿足了約束原則而不出現在句法上 (Chang 2003)。漢語中結果動詞結構的角色層級為：行動者1＞行動者2＞承受者2＞承受者1；而漢語的連動結構中的角色層級則為：行動者1＞行動者2＞承受者1＞承受者2。

This paper discusses resultative verb constructions (RVCs) and serial verb constructions (SVCs) in Mandarin within the framework of Role and Reference Grammar (Van Valin & LaPolla 1997, Van Valin 2005), with the goal of finding out how NP arguments are linked to syntax. Following van Voorst (1988), Dowty (1991), van Hout (1993), Tenny (1994), Croft (1998), Rosen (1996, 1999), Van Valin & LaPolla (1997:128), Chang (2003), and many others, this paper argues that it is the participant role rather than the thematic role an argument plays that determines how and where the argument is linked to the syntax. To account systematically for the complex grammatical phenomena of RVCs and SVCs in Mandarin, this paper proposes: (a) that the semantic macrorole of Undergoer should be divided into the Undergoer macrorole that undergoes the action and the Undergoer macrorole that participates in the endpoint; and (b) that when there are two identical arguments in a logical structure, one is syntactically expressed while the other is satisfied by binding and is not syntactically realized according to the proposed Macrorole Prominence Hierarchies (Chang 2003). The role hierarchy in Mandarin RVCs is suggested as: Actor1 > Actor2 > Undergoer2 > Undergoer1, whereas in Mandarin SVCs the role hierarchy is suggested as: Actor1 > Actor2 > Undergoer1 > Undergoer2.