東勢客語變調：三至四字組分析

Trisyllabic and Tetrasyllabic Tone Sandhi in Dongshi Hakka

本文討論東勢客語三字組與四字組的連讀變調，包括陽平、陰平與陰去三個變調規則，並從句法與音韻介面的角度做理論分析。我們發現平聲和去聲在變調範域的定義與運作上有所不同，句法關係無法直接預測正確的變調行為，透過句法條件必須先形成音步與音韻詞組，分別構成重要的變調範域，但韻律結構對虛詞變調的規範則不明顯。本文從東勢客語中說明韻律結構存在之必要，進一步佐證「間接指涉論」。

This paper discusses trisyllabic and tetrasyllabic tone sandhi in Dongshi Hakka, including three rules, i.e., Yangping, Yinping, and Yinqu tone sandhi. A theoretical analysis is engaged in from the perspective of the syntax-phonology interface. We find that Ping and Qu differ both in tonal phrasing and in rule application mode. Tone sandhi cannot be directly predicted from syntactic relations, but the relevant tone sandhi domains are formed by the foot and the phonological phrase, which in turn are defined by syntax. However, the effects of prosodic structure upon function words are not obvious. This paper argues for the indispensability of prosodic structure based on Dongshi Hakka, and provides evidence in support of the indirect reference hypothesis.