語法、結構及社會行動：「其實」結構的研究

Grammar, Construction, and Social Action: A Study of the Qíshí Construction

近年來，會話分析研究者及互動語言學者的研究顯示，在分析言談時應該加入社會行動及互動的因素考量，以便能使言談分析有更進一步的發展。在本篇論文中，我們探討社會行動在結構佈局以及語法呈現中所扮演的角色。仔細研究日常言談語料，可知日常會話中充滿了結構；所謂結構也就是「符號學上複雜、其表徵具有基模形式，而且一再重複出現的語法句式」。結構經常出現在特定的社會行動格式。本文中我們專注於探討「其實」結構及其社會行動格式。這個「其實」結構經常出現在帶有三個步驟的結構系列中的第二個步驟，而且經常被用來作以下的社會行動：(1)不認同聽者對方或第三方的立場或論述，有時是表認同；(2)A-事件的揭露、或招認告解；(3)製造幽默效果。藉由探究會話參與者如何使用不同的結構來達到社會行動目的，我們可以更加了解語法結構如何經由社會互動的各種行動中浮現。

Recent research by CA researchers and interactional linguists has shown that what needs to be incorporated into the analysis of discourse for its optimum further development is an orientation to social action and interaction. In this paper we explore the roles of social action in the deployment of constructions and thus in the emergence of grammar. An investigation of naturally spoken data suggests that conversations are rich in constructions, i.e. symbolically complex schematic representations of recurrent grammatical patterns. Constructions often occur in specific social action formats. In this paper we focus on specifying the social action format for a disalignment schema, the qíshí construction. We shall show that this construction is always produced in the second move of a three-part sequence and that it is usually deployed to do the following social actions: (1) to do disalignment and sometimes alignment, with the hearer’s or a third party’s stance; (2) to do A-event disclosing or confession; and (3) to create humorous effect. By examining how the conversation participants use various constructions to accomplish social actions, we arrive at a better understanding of how grammatical constructions emerge from social action within interaction.