語言接觸與規律改變──論中古全濁聲母在粵北土話中的表現

Language Contact and Change of Rules: The Behaviors of Middle Chinese Voiced Initials in the Yuebei Tuhua

粵北土話是位於廣東北部一群系屬未明的方言。本文通過考察中古全濁聲母在這些方言中的表現，說明語言接觸、規律改變以及方言形成的原理。一般認為粵北土話有五種清化模式。它們的分野，在於「客贛化」的程度有多深。由於客贛方言影響這些土話的時間不一，而土話本身也有不同的來源，所以便產生了多種類型的清化行為。本文試圖逐一追究這五種類型產生背後的機制。在同一基礎上，為粵北土話進行初步的分群，並解釋它們形成的過程。

The term Yuèběi Tǔhuà (粵北土話) refers to a group of Chinese dialects of uncertain affiliation spoken in northern Guǎngdōng. Their phonological systems are strikingly heterogeneous. The focus of this paper is on the development of the Middle Chinese voiced initials in the Yuèběi Tǔhuà dialects, given the complications of language contact and rule change. Five modes of devoicing of these initials have been noted for Yuèběi Tǔhuà, an important factor in this variation being degree of influence from Gàn and Hakka. We consequently divide Yuèběi Tǔhuà into four groups, the formation and development of which are discussed in great detail.