動貌對漢語疑問詞組與量化詞組互動中分列性語意之影響

Aspect, Distributivity, and Wh/QP Interaction in Chinese

本文所考察的問題，乃是漢語中疑問詞組與量化詞組互動的現象。雖然之前的學者曾提出漢語中疑問詞組與量化詞組的互動會導致邏輯歧義，本文認為漢語和英語的情形仍呈現出非常基本的差異。具體而言，漢語的情形中，動貌扮演著極重要的角色。本文援引了三個現象來支持此一論點。（一）句子的動貌決定賓語是否容許分列性的詮釋；（二）句子的動貌與句中的情狀量化現象有直接的關係；（三）句子的動貌對數量賓語的語意詮釋有直接的影響。本文提出，以上三個現象，若將事象結構分為事象類型及具體事象兩個層面來看，當可獲得完整的解釋。事象類型為一開放事象結構，須受到動貌的詮釋方能成為具體事象。漢語語法所提供的動貌詮釋有兩種：存在性動貌及普遍性動貌。本文指出，以上所援引之三個現象皆為動貌詮釋之不同所引起。這種看法也解釋了漢語和英語在疑問詞組與量化詞組互動方面的差異：漢語語句的歧義其實並非邏輯歧義，而是兩種不同的動貌詮釋所產生的兩種語意。

This work investigates some fundamental problems in Wh/QP interaction in Chinese. This work first points out that Chinese actually does not exhibit the same kind of Wh/QP interaction as English does, and then shows that aspect plays a crucial role in restricting the possible readings of the relevant sentences. Three observations are made: (1) The aspect of a sentence has a direct bearing on the availability of the list reading. (2) The aspect of a sentence is closely related to the type of situation quantification permitted of the sentence. And (3) the aspect of a sentence has a strong effect on the possible semantic interpretation of the numeral object. It is proposed that these three observations fall out naturally on an approach that makes a distinction between the type and the token of an event. A type of event is an open event that has to be quantificationally closed off by the aspect of the sentence. Two types of aspectual closure are provided by the grammar of Chinese, existential and generic. Existential closure arises when the head of AspP contains aspectual features and the main verb of the sentence incorporates to it for checking. On the other hand, the generic aspect arises when the generic operator Gen occupies the head of AspP and blocks head incorporation of the main verb of the sentence. These proposals are shown to account successfully for the three observations mentioned above as well as the distributivity properties of the relevant sentences.