How Come 與其他附加語wh 疑問詞組：跨語言研究

How Come and other Adjunct Wh-phrases: A Cross-linguistic Perspective

本文探討詢問理由的三種附加語wh 疑問詞組，即英語的 “how come”、“why the hell”，以及出現在一些語言中詢問理由的 “什麼”。這三種詞組受到幾個共同的限制：首先，不能建立「長距相依」(long-distance dependency) 的關係；其次，不能出現在多重疑問詞問句；第三，與量化詞一起出現時，其範域沒有寬域、窄域等不同。對於這些附加語wh 詞組，我們以「屬性強度」(feature strength) 與「搜尋—目標系統」(probe-goal system) 為基礎，提出了一致的分析。

This paper investigates three types of adjunct wh-phrases for asking reasons: (a) how come in English, (b) why the hell, and (c) what for asking reasons (found in a few languages). We demonstrate that they share several restrictions. First, they cannot establish a long-distance dependency. Second, they cannot occur in multiple wh-questions. Third, they cannot scopally interact with quantifiers. We develop a unified analysis of these adjunct wh-phrases, utilizing feature strength in the sense of Chomsky (1995: chapter 4) and the probe-goal system (see Chomsky 2000, 2001a, b). One consequence of the analysis is therefore that the concept of strength is not eliminable from the theory of grammar, contrary to Chomsky’s recent proposal. Our analysis also has implications for constructions such expletive constructions and wh-scope marking constructions.