不同音樂型態對大學生身心反應之影響

Effects of Different Genres of Music on the Psycho-Physiological Responses of Undergraduates

背景：大學生正邁入成人階段，面臨學習、人際關係與生活的多重壓力源，在壓力下可能因適應機轉耗竭而導致壓力症候群。近年已有多篇應用音樂緩解病人壓力的研究，但音樂型態與其對身心改變的歷程尚未深入探究。目的：探討聆聽不同音樂型態對大學生身心反應之影響。方法　採單組前後測研究設計，收集122位大學生，依個人興趣分組，分別聆聽組員自選的喜悅、緊張、悲傷或平靜音樂15分鐘，以生理監測儀、情境焦慮量表、及焦慮憂鬱視覺類比量表，收集聆聽音樂前、中、後的生理和心理資料，以SPSS 20.0軟體進行描述及推論統計分析。結果　發現僅平靜音樂比悲傷音樂較明顯緩解憂鬱；在15分鐘音樂聆聽期間，三項心率變異指標皆有顯著組間差異，喜悅音樂的LF（low frequency）改變量小於其他三組；平靜音樂的HF（high frequency）改變量小於緊張及喜悅音樂、或其LF/HF改變量小於悲傷及喜悅音樂；而高情境焦慮組在聆聽緊張音樂期間的HF的改變量大於平靜音樂，且於聆聽10分鐘後呈現上升。結論／實務應用　聆聽不同情緒類型音樂的效果有差異，尤其高焦慮者在聆聽緊張及悲傷音樂10分鐘後，有較高活化副交感神經活性的表現。喜悅及平靜音樂可降低焦慮和憂鬱，本研究可提供未來音樂應用或臨床照護者，針對病人的焦慮程度或緩解負面情緒的需要，可選擇運用喜悅、平靜或緊張的音樂，並觀察其在聆聽後的身心變化。

Background: Undergraduate students face tremendous stressors from learning, interpersonal relationships, and life. Stress may cause adaptation exhaustion and stress-related disorders. While the results of recent clinical studies indicate that music interventions may alleviate stress, there is a dearth of research exploring the discrete effects of various genres of music on psycho-physiological status. Purpose: To explore the effects of listening to different genres of music on the psycho-physiological responses of undergraduates. Methods: A one-group, pretest-posttest design was used. A total of 122 undergraduates were assigned to the following four music subgroups according to their musical preference: joyful, tense, sad, and peaceful. Students in each subgroup listened to the self-selected music for 15 minutes during the experiment. A physiological data acquisition systems, the State Anxiety Inventory, and the Visual Analogue Scale for anxiety and depression were used to measure the psycho-physiological responses of participants before, during, and after music listening. Descriptive and inferential analyses were performed using SPSS 20.0. Results: Depression significantly decreased in the peaceful music group compared to the sad music group after the intervention. Further, significant differences in heart rate variability were identified during the intervention among the groups. The change in low frequency (LF) in the joyful music group was lower than the other three groups; the change in high frequency (HF) in the peaceful music group was lower than in the tension and joyful music groups; and the change in LF/HF in the peaceful music group was lower than in the sad and joyful music groups. Additionally, the subsamples with high state anxiety experienced more change in HF while listening to tense music than to peaceful music, reflecting an upward trend after listening for 10 minutes. Conclusions / Implications for Practice: The findings indicate that listening to different genres of music induces different psycho-physiological responses. In the present study, participants with high-state anxiety registered elevated parasympathetic activity after listening to 10 minutes of tense and sad music. Simultaneous listening effects were detected only in joyful and peaceful music, which reduced subjective anxiety and depression. The results of the present study advocate that music interveners and clinical care providers select joyful, peaceful, and tense music to help alleviate the anxiety and negative emotions of their patients. Furthermore, the psycho-physiological changes of these patients should be assessed after listening to this music.