災難護理與國小教師災難健康照護知能

Disaster Nursing and Primary School Teachers' Disaster-Related Healthcare Knowledge and Skills

世界銀行指出，台灣發生複合性災難的機率為世界排行第五名，如此高強度遭受颱風、地震與核災的社會、經濟與地理環境，更凸顯出天然與複合性災難對國家安全不可小覷的威脅和影響。因此，因應災難健康照護的準備與知能對於減緩災難對社會民眾衝擊有舉足輕重的作用。相關研究指出災難會對孩童造成比成人更為嚴重與深遠的影響，也因此學齡期的孩童是災難中最脆弱的族群之一。災難對孩童之健康影響可依時序性分為即時性身體外傷、中期性的傳染疾病與營養不良、與長期性的創傷後壓力症候群。因應災難的前期準備、中期應變、後期復健時程，小學教師與校護可共同扮演與發揮教育者、應變者與復健者的功能與角色。教育部委託執行防災科技教育深耕實驗研發計畫，規劃適用臺灣的防災相關工作與教育。然而檢視國內小學防災教育策略與內容，大多聚焦於防災與減災，對於災難中的健康照護因應則鮮有著墨。災難護理是校護必備的專業核心技能，防災救災知能是小學教師需有的的核心教育素養，災難護理專業可協助強化小學教師、校護與孩童因應災難健康照護知能，並促進學校結合社區民眾與災難應變相關機構更緊密的合作。提供孩童與其教師有關災難意識、災難前期準備、中期應變、後期復健與相關健康照護知識，呈現災難護理在災難教育的角色與功能，應是我國災難護理另一項可以參酌且發揮其角色與功能的要務之一。

The World Bank has ranked Taiwan as the 5th highest risk country in the world in terms of fullspectrum disaster risk. With volatile social, economic, and geologic environments and the real threat of typhoons, earthquakes, and nuclear disasters, the government has made a public appeal to raise awareness and reduce the impact of disasters. Disasters not only devastate property and the ecology, but also cause striking and long-lasting impacts on life and health. Thus, healthcare preparation and capabilities are critical to reducing their impact. Relevant disaster studies indicate children as a particularly vulnerable group during a disaster due to elevated risks of physical injury, infectious disease, malnutrition, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Primary school teachers are frontline educators, responders, and rehabilitators, respectively, prior to, during, and after disasters. The disaster prevention project implemented by the Taiwan Ministry of Education provides national guidelines for disaster prevention and education. However, within these guidelines, the focus of elementary school disaster prevention education is on disaster prevention and mitigation. Little guidance or focus has been given to disaster nursing response protocols necessary to handle issues such as post-disaster infectious diseases, chronic disease management, and psychological health and rehabilitation. Disaster nursing can strengthen the disaster healthcare response capabilities of school teachers, school nurses, and children as well as facilitate effective cooperation among communities, disaster relief institutes, and schools. Disaster nursing can also provide healthcare knowledge essential to increase disaster awareness, preparation, response, and rehabilitation. Implementing proper disaster nursing response protocols in Taiwan’s education system is critical to enhancing disaster preparedness in Taiwan.