剖析現象學論點與其在護理研究中之應用

Analysis Phenomenology and Application to Nursing Research

現象學因其哲學理念之不同而區分為描述性現象學、詮釋性現象學、及綜合描述及詮釋兩者之現象學，現今國內採用現象學於護理研究者多採用Husserl之描述性現象學，他強調科學性哲學之重要性，透過置入括弧、存而不論及現象還原的方法探求現象的本質結構，換言之，在未有任何前有預設之前提下，令研究者進入研究對象之生活世界以了解其生活經驗之本質。相反的，Heidegger的詮釋性現象學則無法接受一個存有於世的個體可以完全懸置個人之信念，他強調人周圍的環境會影響個人，且個體是世界的一部份，因此人和其世界是相互組成及相互塑形的概念，在相同的語言、歷史及文化背景下才能真正深入瞭解他人的經驗，因而，研究者在進行詮釋時，研究者的前有概念及知識需融入於研究過程中。當研究者在運用Husserl之置入括弧概念時，應在進行研究之前就應先了解自己的前有預設，之後不論在進行研究中及資料分析時，均應持續書寫反思日誌以便真正落實此一概念。

Phenomenology has been divided into three schools of thought arising from different philosophical assumptions and methods. There is descriptive phenomenology, interpretative phenomenology, and a combination of both. Phenomenology has been adopted as a study method to explore experiences in different nursing fields in Taiwan. Husserlian descriptive phenomenology professes to utilize the skills of epoché, bracketing, and phenomenological reduction not only in order to seek the essence of phenomena, but also to allow the researcher to get into the participant’s life-world to gain a deeper understanding of their experience; in other words, to let the true phenomenon or essence be revealed. By contrast, Heideggerian interpretative phenomenology rejected the idea that one can completely suspend one’s presuppositions, prejudices or preconceived ideas by simply Being-in-the-world. One is immersed in and absorbing from the world, so one will not be able to notice everything that one is gaining from the world. Heidegger also insisted that any interpretation is only valid when background is taken into account. This not only facilitates the researcher’s deeper understanding of the other’s experience, but also facilitates more accurate interpretation of context and meaning. When researchers seek to follow Husserl’s idea of performing bracketing in descriptive phenomenology, in order to truly put the concept into practice, they should understand their prior assumptions and maintain a written journal of reflections throughout the study.