清代地方志的知識性質－－以光緒《金門志》為例

The Nature of Knowledge in Qing Dynasty Local Gazetteers: The Jinmen Gazetteer as a Case Study

地方志在古代中國傳統中本屬官書性質，是輔助地方政府統治的工具，因此具有一定的官方權威；然而由於編纂地方志必然需要地方精英的幫助，因此地方利益往往也會透過各種方式滲透進地方志。故在國家權力與地方精英的諸多複雜關係中，從地方志較易觀察到兩者相互合作以謀取共同利益的面向。清朝林焜熿、林豪父子所編之《金門志》也具有此一特質。《金門志》〈選舉志〉反映出十九世紀金門地方精英組成，具有由文轉武以及新舊雜陳的兩個特色，且可與現存清代金門碑刻的記載相印證。為更有效的突顯十九世紀金門地方精英，在不挑戰國家權威的前提下，《金門志》對〈人物列傳〉的內容與分類位階作了相應的調整。作為個案研究，本論文最後考察了屬於十九世紀新興家族的林焜熿家族及其編纂《金門志》的歷史，說明國家權力與地方精英相互依賴以維繫地方社會秩序的一面，藉此說明地方志作為國家與社會合作平臺的知識性質。

Compiled as a tool to assist local government rule, local gazetteers were categorized as official works. Since the compilation of local gazetteers required the assistance of local elites, however, local interests also found their way into gazetteers in various ways, and an aspect of cooperation for mutual benefit can, therefore, be relatively easily observed. The ＂Treatise on State Examinations and Appointments＂ 選舉志, published in the Jinmen Gazetteer 金門志, compiled in the Qing dynasty by father and son Lin Kunhuang 林焜熿 and Lin Hao 林豪, reflects two characteristics of the composition of Jinmen's local elites in the nineteenth century: the move from civil to martial posts, and the coexistence of old and new elites. These changes can also be observed through Jinmen's surviving Qing period stone inscriptions. Adjustments were made to the content and category order of the ＂Biographies of Notable Persons＂ 人物列傳 in the Jinmen Gazetteer that more effectively gave prominence to the Jinmen local elites of the nineteenth century while avoiding challenging the authority of the state. Lastly, this article investigates the history of Lin Kunhuang's family, a newly-emergent elite family of the nineteenth century, and their role in the compilation of the Jinmen Gazetteer, demonstrating the mutual dependency between state power and local elites as an aspect of maintaining local social order.