明清之際夏允彜之死及相關悼念詩文之敘事策略

Writing Martyrdom: Narrative Strategies in Poetry Mourning the Death of Xia Yunyi

明清之際，倖存的文人在悼念亡國的友人時，不得不面對兩難的局面：一方面，假如他們不書寫殉國義士的事跡，滿清王朝將可能把相關歷史全數刪去。另一方面，歷經明清易代而未殉國的人，在道德上難免會被人詬病，因此他們比平常人更難找到評價殉節義士的立足點。本文以夏允葬作為切入點，分析命途各異的三位文人在書寫夏氏的死亡時所採用的敘事策略。本文先比較夏允彜、夏完淳父子的詩文，而舉出兩代在悼亡方面的異同，並看出忠、孝等概念如何體現在他們悼亡的作品中。接著，本文將分析陳子龍的〈報夏考功書〉與〈會葬夏瑗公〉，以點出他悼亡的同時如何解釋自己的存在意義。最後，本文將以宋徵輿為例，闡明他如何把祭悼夏允彜化為地方文化的一部分，並藉此說明入清以後，文人如何以不同的策略悼念前朝殉國的義士。

During the Ming-Qing transition, the literati who had not martyred themselves to the Ming cause felt a growing need to mourn their lost compatriots. This was an awkward predicament if they did not write about the martyrs, the Manchus might completely erase every trace of them from history on the other hand, the fact that these surviving literati had not sacrificed their lives for their state left them open to severe moral criticism by their contemporaries. This being so, how could they possibly appraise their fallen friends when they might feel morally inferior to the dead?This paper attempts to explicate the narrative strategies adopted in commemorating the death of martyrs to the Ming cause by taking a close r look at how three literati write about the death of Xia Yunyi 夏允彜. After his death, some of Xia's friends died as martyrs, while others chose to surrender to the new regime. We shall begin with a comparison between Xia Yunyi's poetry and the works of his son, Xia Wanchun 夏完淳. By comparing the use of the concepts of loyalty and filial piety in their poetry of mourning, this paper outlines the son's struggle to commemorate his father. This paper then turns to a close reading of Chen Zilong's 陳子龍 works to examine how he attempts to justify his own survival while mourning his lifelong friend. The paper ends with an analysis of the memorials written by Song Zhengyu 宋徵輿, observing how the mourning of Xia Yunyi is reframed as the preservation of local culture.