抗戰時期的統制經濟與國營事業──以廣西紡織機械工廠為例

War-Time State-Owned Enterprises: The Guangxi Textile Machinery Factory, 1938-1945

本文以廣西紡織機械工廠為例，探討抗戰前後國民政府的統制經濟與國營事業如何相互為用及其影響。1930年代加入國民政府的知識分子，多具有統制經濟思想，他們作為技術官僚，提高了政府的行政能力。例如1934年丁文江在上海創辦的棉紡織染實驗館，抗戰爆發後於1938年遷往桂林，由翁文灝改組為工礦調整處和廣西省政府合辦的廣西紡織機械工廠，具體刻畫了林繼庸主持的廠礦內遷運動及其影響。廣西紡織機械工廠作為1949年之前廣西唯一的現代化紡織工業，說明在統制經濟下扶植起來的國營事業對於戰時經濟的貢獻。隨著戰爭局勢的發展，經濟部利用頒布法令之便，掌握國營事業的人事任用權，並大幅提高員工的待遇，使中央政府在與地方政府的角力中漸佔上風。抗戰時期的統制經濟和國營事業從此改變1949年之後兩岸的工業結構與經濟發展方向。

This article takes the Guangxi Textile Machinery Factory (GTMF) as a case study to explore the growth of state-owned enterprises under the regulated economy of the National Government during the War of Resistance against Japan. Most of the intellectuals who supported a regulated economy joined the National Government in the 1930s and become technocrats. For example, Ding Wenjiang established the Textile and Dyeing Experimental Hall in Shanghai in 1934, which was moved to Guilin and jointly reconstructed as the GTMF by Weng Wenhao and the Guangxi provincial government. By analyzing archival data, GTMF provides a case study of the movement of industrial and mining equipment to the interior. There, it was managed by Lin Jiyong (Lin Chi-yung) and the Bureau of Adjustment of Industry and Mines (BAIM). The movement offered opportunities for BAIM to invest in state-owned enterprises during the war. GTMF was the only modern textile industry in Guangxi before 1949. Instead of the local government of Guangxi Province, central government agencies promulgated regulations, controlled personnel appointments, and significantly improved the benefits of employees of such state-owned enterprises for the war economy. This formed a basis of the economic policies in China and Taiwan after 1949.