革命與國家的想像──《甲寅雜誌》、《新青年》與五四啟蒙運動（1914-1919）

Revolution and the Imagination of the State: Jiayin Magazine, New Youth Magazine and the May Fourth Enlightenment Movement

本文主要在揭示五四新文化運動的思想根源，尤其是關於這個運動在國內發動前的海外準備。藉由民初中國的菁英型代表性媒體《甲寅雜誌》與《新青年》雜誌，本研究討論民初思想發展的意義；主要是探討袁世凱當政時期（1912-1916）的中國思想主流與反袁運動之間的關係，以及「後袁世凱時期」新文化運動得以成立的外部與內部的思想資源。以探討中國國體問題為核心的《甲寅雜誌》，本身並未造就新文化運動；但是當《甲寅雜誌》1915年底終止發行後，陳獨秀於該年秋創辦的《青年雜誌》順利接手《甲寅雜誌》所留下的思想資源後，局面逐漸改觀。不同於《甲寅雜誌》著眼於政治現象，陳獨秀的《新青年》思考從根本上改造中國—啟迪蒙昧。1916年中「後袁世凱時期」突然到臨的威瑪式自由，使得陳獨秀風格、以思想改造為中心的《新青年》，得以獲致意外的成功，並為近代中國思想發展寫下新的篇章。

This article explores the intellectual origins of the New Culture Movement, focusing on how Chinese intellectuals helped prepare for it abroad. Taking two exemplary elite magazines as evidence, namely Jiayin and New Youth, this study elucidates the main intellectual trend and its relationship with the Anti-Yuan Movement during Yuan Shihkai’s brief presidency (1912-1916). It then discusses the internal and external intellectual resources of the establishment of the New Culture Movement after Yuan’s death. Jiayin Magazine, which focused on the problem of the form of state, actually contributed little to the New Culture Movement. Only when Jiayin terminated publication at the end of 1915 and Chen Duxiu, a former Jiayin editor, began publishing The Youth (later known as New Youth) did the intellectual tradition of Jiayin find broader purchase. Unlike the political Jiayin, Chen Duxiu’s new magazine highlighted the idea of enlightenment as the ultimate solution to the problem of China’s transformation. The sudden death of Yuan Shikai in 1916 brought to China a Weimarian freedom which made possible the success of New Youth and Chen’s enlightenment project.