清代庫倫商卓特巴衙門與商號

The Shangjubda Yamen and the Shops of Kulun (Ulaan Baator) in the Qing Dynasty

本文利用檔案討論喀爾喀蒙古的寺院經濟。從康熙以來，哲布尊丹巴呼畢勒罕在蒙古王公家庭轉世，擁有政治與宗教領導地位。乾隆十九年（1754），首次建立商卓特巴衙門管理二世哲布尊丹巴呼圖克圖的沙畢納爾，呼圖克圖逐漸失去世俗的權力。接著，乾隆皇帝規定哲布尊丹巴的呼畢勒罕必須在西藏轉世，此後喀爾喀蒙古王公、喇嘛至西藏迎接哲布尊丹巴的呼畢勒竿，需鉅額經費。此外，歷代哲布尊丹巴呼圖克圖修繕寺院、造佛像、刻印經書等，所費不貲。清末，國家財政困難，商卓特巴衙門屢次捐輸，更為消蝕財力。十八世紀至十九世紀初商卓特巴衙門經管上百萬隻的牲畜，至十九世紀末轉向商人借貸。哲布尊丹巴所在的寺院旁，在1870年代末期，被漢人開設的鋪戶團團圍住，構成整整一半的庫倫，形成了八條街道的西庫倫商圈。西疆回亂攻佔烏里雅蘇台，庫倫辦事大臣張廷岳恐駐防兵丁糧食告匱，令商民辦事衙門招攬商賈以供軍需，吸引眾多的北京商民。光緒年間，西庫倫共有393家商號，鋪戶商人有萬餘人，他們經營金融、雜貨等行業，其中放款蒙古達數百萬兩。本文討論商卓特巴衙門向商人借款，以及借貸之處理等，即主要闡述蒙古獨立之經濟因素。

Using archival research, this article traces the development of the monastic economy of Khalkha Mongolia during the Qing dynasty. Since the reign of the Kangxi Emperor, Jabzandamba Hoblighan had been reincarnated to noble families possessing leadership in politics and religion. In 1754, Shangjudba (Secular Affairs Administration Office) was established to manage the kara urse of Jabzandamba II Khutagt, who gradually lost secular powers. Soon after that, the Qianlong Emperor ordered Jabzandamba Hoblighan to reincamate in Tibet only. After that point, the nobility and lamas of Khalkha Mongolia had to meet the Hoblighan of Jabzandamba in Tibet, which required large expenditures. As well, each generation of Jabzandamba Khutagt spent funds on repairing temples, making Buddha statues, and printing Buddhist sutras. By the end of the Qing dynasty, the government faced financial difficulties, and Shangjudba made several donations that worsened the finances of its monastery. From the eighteenth century to the early nineteenth century, Shangjudba maintained a herd of millions of domesticated animals, yet fell into debt to Han merchants by the end of the nineteenth century. In the late 1870s, the neighborhood around the temple of Jabzandamba was surrounded by Han-owned shops, which occupied almost half of Kulun, and constituted eight streets of the western Kulun commercial community. When the Uyghur rebellion (Xinjiang) broke out and the rebels took Uliastai, Zhang Tingyue, Grant Minister Superintendent of Kulun, feared food shortages among the garrisons. He ordered the Civil and Commercial Department to enlist more merchants to support military needs, and many Beijing merchants were attracted to Kulun. During the reign of the Guangxu Emperor, there were 393 trading firms in western Kulun, and over ten thousand merchants and shop owners, including banking and sundry stores. These provided loans to Mongolians amounting to millions of taels. Shangjudba borrowed money from these Han merchants and managed these debts, which was one of the economic factors of Mongolian independence.