逃離城市：明清之際江南城居士人的逃難經歷

Abandoning the Cities: The Flight of Literati and Merchants from Jiangnan Cities during the Ming-Qing Transition

中國傳統俗諺有所謂「小亂避城，大亂避鄉」，這句諺語出現在明清之際，反映了朝代轉換、兵燹頻仍的時代背景，同時又標誌著一個重要的訊息，就是人們意識到城鄉之間的差異。過去關於這段時期的歷史研究，較關注於政治上層的問題，而忽略下層百姓與個人的逃難經歷。本文擬嘗試從當時城居士人留下來的筆記與日記，來重建明末清初這段逃難的歷史過程。本文指出在晚明一度盛行的「鄉紳城居化」之趨勢，至此逐漸轉向逃離城市，遷居至鄉村避難。過去城居者的驕傲態度不復存在，城／鄉二者的地位出現翻轉。此外，當時親身經歷逃難痛楚的下層士人，他們對抗清運動的看法也不同於一般史書的評價。本文後半部透過這些下層士人所書寫的文本，試圖從社會史、文化史與士人心態的角度來探析逃難時所呈現的社會矛盾、逃難婦女的遭遇與形象、倖存者對抗清領導人的觀感、如何解釋逃難時的不同命運，以及避城或避鄉的爭論等議題。筆者希望藉由他們的逃難紀錄，擺脫明清之際的歷史大敘事，呈現當時戰亂下「逃難社會」的特色。

According to a traditional idiom, ”In times of minor disorder, flee the cities; in times of major disaster, flee the countryside.” This phenomenon appeared in the Ming-Qing transition, reflecting not only the ravages of war but the awareness of the differences between urban and rural areas. Past research on the history of this period has concentrated on major political events, but the experiences of refugees have been neglected. This article uses the notes and diaries of literati from Jiangnan cities to reconstruct the historical process of flight. While may gentry had moved their residence from the country to the city from the mid-Ming period on, this trend was reversed at the end of the Ming. The status associated with urban residence disappeared, and many literati experienced the distress of flight. The second part of this article investigates such issues concerning flight as its social contradictions, women's encounters, survivors' perceptions of the loyalist leadership, and the different fates of refugees through the lenses of social history, mentality studies, and cultural history. This article challenges the narrative of the macro-history of Ming-Qing transition and describes various characteristics of a society in flight.