北洋新軍會操研究

A Study of the Military Maneuvers of the Beiyang New Army in the Late Qing

晚清陸軍軍事演習肇端於甲午戰後小站練兵期間。新建陸軍時期，袁世凱將軍事對抗演習引入軍事訓練實踐過程；武衛右軍時期，軍事對抗演習在理論層面逐步完善。清末北洋新軍會操延續了小站新軍軍事對抗演習模式，但其內涵更為豐富。北洋新軍每一鎮成軍之時或訓練三年之際，清政府均派員校閱，開展以考核為目的的校閱性會操。北洋六鎮陸續成軍後，出於保持和生成戰鬥力的考量，一鎮或兩鎮之間每年秋季適時開展訓練性會操。1905年秋季河間會操開啟新軍大會操先例，其後北洋新軍又相繼參與籌劃彰德會操及永平秋操，這均是集校閱性和訓練性為一體的大型軍事演習。相較小站新軍軍事對抗演習，北洋新軍會操呈現軍事轉型期的多樣化特徵。北洋新軍會操促進了北洋六鎮的建設力度，進而言之，它推動了中國陸軍現代化進程。北洋新軍會操使北洋六鎮成為清末新軍中的佼佼者，但也因之成為清政府藉以推行中央集權政策的助動器。

The Qing Army began to carry out military exercises after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. Yuan Shikai carried out military maneuvers in the process of training the New Army in Xiaozhan. The Beiyang New Army military maneuvers inherited Yuan's approach and further enriched its form. When each Division was established or trained for three years, then the Qing government would carry out military maneuvers for review. Each Division or two Divisions would carry out military maneuvers for training in the fall to increase their fighting capacity. The Beiyang New Army carried out its first large-scale military maneuvers in Hejian in the fall of 1905, followed by large-scale military maneuvers in Zhangde in the fall of 1906 and Yongping in the fall of 1911. Compared to the Xiaozhan military confrontation training, the Beiyang New Army training included a variety of new features, which improved its capabilities and also promoted the New Army's modernization toward the end of the Qing Dynasty. The Beiyang New Army became the best of the best because of its military maneuvers. However, the military maneuvers also accelerated the implementation of the Qing court's centralization policies to some extent.