製茶業工作場所現場物理與人因性危害調查研究

Investigation of Physical and Ergonomic Hazards in Tea Manufacturing Industries

茶葉是世界三大主要飲料之一，世界茶業市場正在不斷擴大，無論是茶葉產量，還是每人平均消費量，都在逐步增加。製茶業從前段到後段製程，其實包含了種茶、採茶與製茶等過程，全程從種植、採摘到製作茶葉，均有可能具潛在的職業傷病危害。本調查進行製茶全程現場訪視，調查其工作流程與分析潛在危害，同時辦理346份有效勞工安全衛生現況認知問卷調查並進行基本統計分析，以探討製茶業勞工職業危害因子與嚴重度分析，提供勞工與事業單位危害預防之參考。研究發現製茶業面臨嚴重缺工危機，其從業人員之年齡偏高，職場安全衛生意識偏弱，作業場所之安全衛生相關設施較為不足。採茶工和製茶工痠痛部位次序不同，未來宣教時應針對不同工作特性人員加強宣導不同項目。危害依序為疲勞、肌肉痠痛、熱危害分占53.5%、52.04%、49.5%。受訪製茶從業人員自認有不適症狀部位以腳踝/腳所占比例最高，為80.64%，其次依序為臀/大腿，占78.90%，上背73.41%，手肘71.64%，膝蓋63.85%，脖子60.90%，手/手腕60.08%，肩膀53.47%，下背/腰45.09%；因此未來應就上述幾種占高比例危害研擬危害防止或健康改善對策，以供製茶業勞工參考。此外，為解決製茶業長久以來人力缺口與專業不足，建議政府可透過政策導引，協助業者成立專業分工團隊，建立資訊溝通平台以吸引年輕人口投入。

Tea is one of the most popular three beverages all over the world. The total production quantity or the average personal consumption of tea increases gradually nowadays, according to the international statistics from the United Nations. In Taiwan, there exist statistically about 6,000 tea manufacturing factories, resulting in over 50,000 workers of the total labor population in the tea manufacturing industry. However, most of the tea workers do not have only the concept of occupational health and safety, but also the knowledge of self-protection in the work. All the tea manufacturing processes, including tea plantation, tea plucking, tea processing procedures and so on are subjected to the Taiwan Labor Safety and Health Act. Workers in the tea manufacturing industry are likely exposed to a variety of occupational health and safety hazards, including pesticides exposure, hand plucking, high-temperature and mechanical cutting and vibration injuries, ergonomic hazards, muscle skeleton disorder, and so on. Therefore, investigation of the occupational hazards for the tea manufacturing worker is important and valuable. We have basically investigated the potential physical and ergonomic hazards factors and analyze the severity in the tea manufacturing processes by finishing 32 spot coverage and 346 questionnaire surveys. The finding indicates that the percentages of tiredness, muscle skeleton ache and disorder, hot harzard are 53.5%, 52.04% and 49.5%, respectively. The top three disorders of muscle skeleton follow the order: malleolus (80.64%)> buttocks (78.9%)> upper dorsum (73.41%).