黎語模態詞之製圖分布研究

A Cartographic Study of Hlai Modals

本文聚焦在黎語之模態詞體系及其與否定之間的互動關係。黎語是海南島的語言，屬於侗台語系。本文討論四類模態詞：認知、義務、能力及意願。否定部分探討否定與模態之間的語意互動，同時也討論否定模態的特殊詞彙型態。根據de Haan’s(2004) 的類型研究，黎語屬於模態異幹互補語言類型。此外，本文發現黎語的否定範圍高於模態範圍。透過不同類型模態之間的同現限制，模態與主語之間的階層是：認知 > 主語 > 義務 > 動態。有關黎語的模態句法分布及語義理解，我們的研究結果與Tsai(2015)對漢語的模態分析結果是一致的。

This paper focuses on the modal system in Hlai and its interaction with negation. Hlai is spoken on Hainan Island and it belongs to the Kra-Dai language group. While previous studies investigating Hlai are scarce, we contribute to the extension of linguistic theories applied to a language rarely known by researchers. This paper provides four types of modals in Hlai: epistemic, deontic, circumstantial and bouletic modals. The negative construals are also investigated in terms of their scopal interaction with various types of modality, as well as their distinct morphological shapes. Based on de Haan’s(2004) typological hypothesis, Hlai is a ‘modal suppletion’ language. In addition, the scope of negation is higher than the modal scope. Through examining the co-occurrence restrictions among different types of modals, their hierarchical arrangement can be presented as follows: epistemic > subject > deontic > dynamic. Our findings by and large conform to Tsai’s (2015) analysis of Chinese modals with respect to their structural distribution and semantic interpretation.