在異文化的想像中展現自我：古希臘圖像中與波斯人相關的主題

Self-presentation in Imagining Foreign Culture: Persians in Ancient Greek Iconography

西元前五世紀到西元前四世紀的希臘圖像，包含一些與波斯人相關的主題，其作者來自於雅典、埃瑞特里亞、以及南義大利，而以雅典的作品最多。波斯經常為希臘的敵人，也曾數次介入希臘內部的政治紛爭。兩次波斯戰爭希臘出人意表獲勝，為他們帶來前所未有的自信，也被希臘人認為是歷史上的黃金時代。與波斯不斷的接觸，使希臘人對於這個極為相異的文化，累積越來越多的興趣。現知希臘圖像中關於波斯的作品，通常為戰爭的主題。在陶器上的圖像多半表現為希臘人與波斯人一對一的決鬥，反映了文學與藝術傳統中塑造英雄的模式。其他的戰爭場面還包括西元前五世紀展示在雅典市場的馬拉松之役的繪畫，以及西元前四世紀所繪製的亞歷山大大帝與波斯王大流士三世的依蘇斯之役，後者可能就是現存亞歷山大馬賽克的藍圖。這些作品可以與文獻互相參照，在畫面的安排凸顯戰事的複雜以及波斯即將落敗，但似乎也暗示了波斯是強勁的對手。在一件訂年於西元前四世紀、器身巨大的南義大利陶器上，希臘畫家描繪波斯王大流士一世諮詢戰事的場景，與希臘神祇並置。其他的題材包括波斯人狩獵以及居家的場景，顯示對於波斯人的神話以及生活的興趣。這些波斯的圖像經常混合了希臘的元素，是希臘人對波斯異族的集體印象，藉此再度認同自身的文明與歷史。

Ancient Greek iconography in the fifth and the fourth centuries BCE reflected several themes relating to Persians. Most of the creators of these works of art and artifacts were from Athens, but some were from Eretria and southern Italy. Persia and Greece were often rivals, and Persia occasionally interfered in Greek internal affairs. The Greeks surprisingly won two wars against the Persians, which gave them a confidence they had never had before. This period of wars was regarded as the golden age of their history. The continuous contacts with Persia resulted in the Greeks' increasing interest in Persian culture. Most of the art works related to Persians are battle scenes. The scenes on pottery are usually shown as duels between a Greek and a Persian, recalling the manner of portraying heroes in previous Greek art and literature. Other fighting scenes include a fifth-century BCE painting of the Battle of Marathon that was displayed in the Athenian agora. There was also a fourth-century BCE painting depicting the confrontation between Alexander the Great and the Persian king Darius III at the Battle of Issus. This painting was probably the source of a mosaic that has been preserved in Naples. In some ways the paintings of the battles of Marathon and Issus correspond to the narratives in ancient literature. The complicated battle scenes containing many figures depicted the Persians' defeat in the battles. Nevertheless, these scenes suggest that the Persians were strong opponents. On a fourth-century monumental vase from southern Italy, the Persian king Darius I is depicted in a counsel of war, juxtaposed with Greek gods and goddesses. In addition, the Greek painters' depiction of Persians in hunting and in domestic scenes expressed their interest in Persian mythology and daily life. Persian scenes in Greek iconography often contained Greek elements. These collective images of the foreign Persians demonstrate how the Greeks developed their self-identity in history and civilization.