趙翼的古文《尚書》觀點――以漢、宋學為核心問題的個案研究

Zhao Yi's Understanding of the Guwen Shangshu — A Case Study on the Han-Song Learning Debate

本文以漢宋學問題為核心，對趙翼的古文《尚書》觀點作考察，發現趙翼身處乾嘉時期，又是今人公認為客觀求史實的考據史學家，但他不僅以古文《尚書》為真，並以其擅長的考史方法，對偽古文說加以批駁；雖然深入考據學圈，並擅長考史，但並沒有漢／宋學立場；雖然反對理學，尤其批駁理在氣先的觀念，但並不支持偽古文說；雖然不是經學家，但仍關注經學問題，且對經學懷有珍視之溫情，以此反思今人將漢學、考據、偽古文、客觀／宋學、義理、反偽古文、主觀二分的論述。而趙翼以一不具主觀預設立場的史學家，用偏重史實考證的方式，對古文《尚書》所作的考證，對吾人思考古文《尚書》問題、清代《尚書》學史及學術史，都具一定的參考價值。

This article examines Zhao Yi’s (趙翼) understanding of the Shangshu (尚書) from the perspective of Han-Song Learning. Zhao Yi is generally accepted as an Evidential Learning (kaoju,考據) historian of during the Qianjia (乾嘉) period of the Qing dynasty. He, however, did not consider the Guwen Shangshu (古文尚書) to be a forgery. His research was firmly entrenched in the kaoju circle, having extensive experience with historical evidential scholarship without the standpoint of Han-Song learning. He thus disagreed with lixue (理學), especially the concept that li (理) exists before qi (氣); but unlike most scholars of that line he did not support the theory of a forged Guwen Shangshu. He still focused on the problem of Classical syudying although his research is not generally accepted as canonical. Examining Zhao Yi’s position of Guwen Shangshu helps to reconsider the common view that combines the studies of Han learning, kaoju, and wei guwen (偽古文) together as being objective, in contrast to Song learning, yi li(義理), and in opposition to weiguwen, both of which are seen as subjective. In this way, Zhou Yi’s evidential scholarship on the Guwen Shangshu with his examination of historical reality as a historian can help us to better understand the important issues of Guwen Shangshu, the history of the Shangshu study in the Qing dynasty, and Chinese intellectual history.