民法總則“自然人”立法研究

Review on 'Natural Person' (Chapter 2) of General Principles of Civil Code

《民法總則草案》以概括模式保護胎兒利益，比現行規則更加全面有力，但相關規則還應修改。《民法總則草案》不僅將親權與監護合二為一，而且將贍養義務也納入其中，雖然簡化了制度設計，但卻抹殺了監護與親權、贍養的區別。《民法總則草案》仍將監護對象的行為能力作為唯一的判斷標準，有欠妥當。成年人監護對象應不僅包括無民事行為能力人或限制民事行為能力人，還包括因身體殘障不便自行處理事務的人和老年人。《民法總則草案》無差別地規定了財產代管人的權利和義務，忽略了財產代管人的產生方式與身份上的區別，過分強調財產代管人的注意義務和職責，不利於財產代管人的“權責明確”。將個體工商戶、農村承包經營戶視為自然人仍然存在理論與現實困境，應再作考量。

Chapter 2 of General Principles of Civil Code (Draft) protects the interests of the fetus in a summarizing mode, which is more comprehensive and powerful than current rules. However the rules should be modified. Chapter 2 combines the parental authority and guardianship, and includes the support obligation. Although this approach simplifies the system design, but eliminates the difference between guardian, parental authority and support. Chapter 2 continues to define the capacity for civil conduct as the only criterion to determine the guardianship object. The adult guardianship object includes not only the adults with no capacity for civil conduct or with limited capacity for civil conduct, but also a physical disability person inconvenient to handle affairs on its own and old people. Chapter 2 indistinguishably regulates the rights and obligations of the property managing agent, ignoring the way of producing and identity difference, emphasizing the duty of care and responsibility of the property managing agent. It is of little use to determine the rights and the responsibilities of the property managing agent. Chapter 2 keeps stipulating the individual and commercial households and farm households as a kind of natural person, pue to the confrontation between theory and reality, Chapter 2 should be under further consideration.