漢「科」獻疑──從出土漢簡談起

Questions on Laws and Regulations of the Han Dynasty

學術界通常認為，漢代法律形式主要有律、令、科、比。實際上持這種觀點的人忽視一個重要問題，如果漢代有「科」這種法律形式，史載曹操制「甲子科」的原因「藩國難改漢朝之制」就不能成立。因為「科」如果是有獨立品格意義的法律形式的話，曹操將其作為自己制定法典的名稱，仍然是改變漢制，顯然於理難合。何況迄今為止，無論已公佈的出土《額濟納漢簡》中的「購賞科條」與《居延新簡》的「捕斬匈奴虜購償科別」，還是傳世文獻中「科」的記載，都無法證明漢「科」作為具有獨立品格意義的法律形式存在。程樹德將《唐六典》中「甲子科條」誤認為是指代「甲子科」，因此，「科條」不僅其含義無一例可作為漢「科」存在言之鑿鑿的證據，而且程樹德認為其作為「科」的全稱指代史亦無載。誤認「科」為法律形式者也並非空穴來風，史載之「科」不乏以律令為載體者，即法律條文、各種法律的稱呼，其本身即為律令。

Academic circles form two opposed views on whether the laws and regulations in Han Dynasty is in legal form or not. Except Shuzo Shiga, Zhang Jianguo and Cong Xibin, most of the scholars think that there are laws in the Han Dynasty. But few scholars systematically discussed and analyzed on it. It seems that the existence of laws in Han Dynasty is no doubt. In fact, no one clearly defined its connotation, which is just one aspect of question. The articles with comprehensive and thorough discussion are still in question. Not only clear basis is hard to find in a great number of historic materials, unearthed information is also unable to prove.