專業主義 v.s. 管理主義：英國社會工作歷史的檢視

Professionalism v.s. Managerialism: The Review of British Social Work History

社會工作在邁向專業的過程，受到專業主義概念的影響，近年來也受到管理主義的影響而有了些去專業化的現象。本文以專業主義與管理主義兩概念為主軸，期待透過對於英國社會工作歷史的回顧，分析兩股勢力間的消長與競合，指出兩者間的關係及對於社會工作的影響，並提出社會工作的自處之道。本文將英國社會工作歷史分為五個時期：（1）19世紀至20世紀的二次世界大戰（2）戰後的福利國家時期（3）西蒙重組時期（4）保守黨執政時期（5）新工黨執政時期迄今；前三時期呈現專業主義從慈善到「科層－－專業主義」的輝煌階段，而後兩時期則是管理主義佔上風，並從此延續至今。從歷史的啟示中，本文提出三大層面的議題：（1）專業主義發展面議題（如專業主義對社會工作的價值、追求專業主義的目的、「科層－－專業主義」形式的評論、因福利國家體制而建構社會工作的啟示）、（2）管理主義影響面議題（含管理主義的廣泛性影響、專業責信訴求之轉變、專業主義受到管理主義威脅下的應對措施）與（3）社會工作處境面議題（有社會工作「左右為難」的處境、社會工作的社會功能與社會價值之定位）。最後，本文認為社會工作應評判當前政治、社會與經濟環境，並莫忘社會工作使命，來擬定對於專業主義、管理主義應有的作為。

In the process of professionalization, social work has been affected not only by the professionalism but also by managerialism leading to the deprofessionalization in recent years. In order to analyze the situation of the two forces of professionalism and managerialism, this article reviews British social work history with regard to professionalism and managerialism. Hence, we are able to demonstrate the relationship between professionalism and managerialism as well as their effects on social work. Thus, we can point out that how social work should deal with and adapt those statuses.This article divides British social work history into five periods: (1) the period from 19th centuries to the Second World War, (2) the period of post-war welfare state regime (3) Seebohm Reorganization period, (4) the period of Conservative governments, and (5) the period from New Labour government to today. The former three periods reveal the development of professionalism from charity service to ”bureau-professionalism” service delivery model; in latter two periods, managerialism is the mainstream idea until today.According to implications of the history, we propose several issues from three dimensions: (1) professionalism development issues, including the value of application of professionalism in social work, the goals of pursuing professionalism, the comments on ”bureau-professionalism” service delivery model, and the construction of social work by welfare state regime, (2) managerialism influence issues , including the immense influences of managerialism, the transition of professional accountability, and the adaption to managerialism, and (3) issues on specific situations of social work, including the dilemmas of social work between the Right and the Left ,and how we define the social functions and the social value of social work. Finally, we suggest that social work should assess the social, political and economic environments and maintain the missions of social work in order to plan the actions when facing the two forces of professionalism and managerialism.