安置心靈於世界之中：在脈絡之中的科學實作及其對其他實作之意涵

Positioning Mind in the World: Scientific Practice in Context and Its Implication for Other Practices

心靈如何與世界進行交往—亦即，我們如何安置心靈於世界之中？這項難題已在過去三百多年來困擾了許多西方的主流哲學家。本文的目的即在建議，從在脈絡之中的科學實作之角度，以一項迂迴的方式來處理這項難題。首先，本文考察科學哲學家如何進行他們有關科學實作──包括了科學探究中的科學發現與判斷──的本質之解釋。其次，探討何謂「脈絡化的證據之概念」與「不完美的判斷程序」暨其與科學發現與判斷之關聯。最後，在以上所述前兩節所獲得的一般論述成果之基礎上，本文探討一項道德探究與判斷之案例，以便能夠更進一步說明：藉由在其所寓居的場域進行他們的道德探究與判斷，人類自身就能夠展現──就是經由這項探究與判斷之實作──人類心靈的確在自然世界之中有其位置。

How does mind communicate with the world-i.e., how do we position mind in the world? Western mainstream philosophers have been perplexed by the problem for more than three hundred years. The aim of this article is to suggest, from the perspective of scientific practice in context, to take a detour to deal with the problem. First, the article considers how philosophers of science propose their explanation about the nature of scientific practice-including scientific discovery and judgment in scientific inquiry. Furthermore, the article explores the so-called ＂concept of contextualized evidence＂ and ＂imperfect procedure of judgment＂ and their relevance to scientific discovery and judgment. Finally, on the basis of the general account gleaned from the previous two sections, a case from moral inquiry and judgment is explored to further illustrate that, by conducting moral inquiry and judgment in the domain where they inhabit, human beings themselves can show-by this very practice of inquiry and judgment-that human mind indeed has its place in the natural world.