法官責任制的定位與規則

The Positioning of Judge Accountability and Its Rules

法官責任制是指因法官不當行權產生嚴重後果而承擔責任的制度，其目的在於達到“權責統一”（權力與責任統一），實現司法的公平公正。實行法官責任制是世界司法通例，也是中國古代司法慣例。在當今中國司法改革的背景下，中共十八屆四中全會精神和最高人民法院《人民法院第四個五年改革綱要(2014～2018)》中有關司法責任的規定，為法官責任的建立和貫徹落實指明了一條制度性進路。法官責任制與法官履職保障制度實為一體兩面，二者缺一不可。錯案責任追究制度是法官責任制的核心，錯案責任追究制度的科學化、合理化關係到法官責任制改革的成敗。對錯案的類型化標準設定應當科學、合理，對錯案標準的設定也應當科學、合理。對於法官責任的類型設定、法官待遇等配套措施的建立也應當及時跟進。

Judges accountability is for judges who have improper exercise and have serious consequences to assume responsibility, which aims to achieve 'unity of authority and responsibility' and to achieve a fair and impartial justice. It is both a judicial custom and ancient Chinese judicial practice to implement judicial accountability. Under the current background of restarting the judicial reform, the decision of the Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th CCP and the 'Fourth Five-Year Reform Outline of People's Court (2014~2018)' of the Supreme People's Court provide a specified institutional approach for the establishment and implementation of judge accountability system. Judge accountability and judge performance assurance are intertwined with each, and neither is dispensable. Misjudgments accountability system is a core responsibility of judges, the scientific and rational design of accountability system for wrong cases decides the success or failure of judges accountability reform. On the 'wrong case', the type of standard setting should be scientific, reasonable, the wrong case standard setting should also be scientific and reasonable. The settings of judge accountability types and judge treatment reform should also be established and launched in a timely manner.