日本人權理論之傳統與變革－－以人權第三人效力論之繼受與後續理論發展為例

The Tradition and Reform of Human Rights Theory in Japan---Focusing on Third Party Effect of Fundamental Rights Theory

日本公法學最初在論述得否援引憲法上權利規範來解決私人間人權侵害問題時，引進了當時德國憲法學「基本權第三人效力論」並參酌美國國家行為理論之相關法理，該等法理幾經日本公法學之論證與調適後，90年代的公法學界通說，採用所謂「間接適用說」之見解，而學界一般即通稱為「人權的第三人效力」或「人權之私人間效力」。此一般通稱之「人權的第三人效力」或「人權之私人間效力」，就整體憲法權利保障之總論研究領域而言，係屬於「人權效力論」之範圍，也就是人權保障之適用範圍項目下的議題。就本文之觀察所及，目前日本公法學有關人權之「私人間效力」之爭議，其根源乃源自於當初繼受「基本權第三人效力論」時之主觀認同與認知差異，除此之外，並刻意忽略了該理論在德國之基本意義、理論依據與體系思考，甚至未能持續觀察該等法理在德國之後續發展，因而引發並創造出日本本土之「人權的第三人效力論」。本文主要目的，就是擬藉由分析日本在繼受「基本權第三人效力論」之過程中，各方理論學說所各執之學理基礎與論證模式，以瞭解日本公法學如何繼受典範並轉化創造出本土「人權的第三人效力論」之成果及其對人權理論深化之影響。

When the Public Law circle of Japan initially discussed that is it available to utilize the rule of constitution to solve the problem of private human rights violations, they just introduced the ＂third party effect of fundamental rights＂from the constitutional law theory of German, and refer to the State Action Doctrine of U.S. After several Japanese legal argumentation and adjustment of the legal principle, the 1990s Public Law circle adopted the indirect application to deal with this problem, the academia is generally called ＂ third party effect of fundamental rights＂ or＂the effectiveness between human rights and private rights＂ . And for the terms of general overall field of protection of constitutional rights,the ＂ third party effect of fundamental rights＂ or＂the effectiveness of human rights between individuals ＂ all belong to the range of ＂theory of human rights effectiveness ＂, which is one the issues of the protection of human rights. The argument of ＂the effectiveness of human rights between individuals ＂ in the Public Law circle of Japan now is based on the different Subjective judgments about ＂third party effect of fundamental rights＂ since introduced the ＂third party effect of fundamental rights＂from the constitutional law of German. Besides, they unintendedly overlook the basic meaning, source and system of the theory in German. Nevertheless, they even Intentionally or unintentionally ignore the overall development of the theory in German. Therefore, the Public Law circle of Japan just initiateand create the local ＂third party effect of human rights＂. The purpose of this article is to try to understand how the Public Law scholars and practitioner of Japan adopted the model from the other country and create their own theory of ＂third party effect of human rights＂ and the influence of the theory to the other one by analyzing the different theory of the argumentation model on the ＂third party effect of fundamental rights＂.