全球化下生殖旅遊現況與評析

Current status and analysis of reproductive tourism in the context of globalization

在當代高度全球化的經濟脈絡中，以醫療為主、旅遊為輔的跨國醫療旅遊已成為市場裡快速崛起與擴張的產業，而生殖旅遊作為其新興的一支，提供了難以順利在母國懷孕，或者不符母國人工協助生殖手術對象的非婚人士另一醫療選擇。不過其跨國特質亦提高了懷孕過程中將面臨的可能風險，且引來如重營利而失醫療本質與優生學等面向的爭議。因此本文欲以人工協助生殖技術為徑，一探全球化下配子轉移與生殖旅遊之產業現況。經文獻探討後發現，使用者多以能提供高品質照護、費用低廉、生殖律法寬鬆且可快速取得精卵來源及手術服務的國家為目的地，生殖旅遊顯示了生殖政治的複雜性，其所需的經濟資本使其充滿階級差異，且配子的轉移與價格在不同國家亦有巨大的落差，使部分國家之捐贈/販售者易淪為被剝削的對象。因此，生殖旅遊之現象，實需政府積極研擬相關法規，以保障人民權利。

In a highly globalized economic context, transnational medicine (which focuses on medical tourism) has become a rapidly expanding industry. Specifically, reproductive tourism provides more medical choices to people who are unable to become pregnant or unmarried people whose access to reproductive technologies in their home countries is prevented by law. However, this practice has been a source of controversy: its transnational character increases the risk of pregnant and has drawn accusations of eugenic practices and focusing on profit at the expense of medicine. Therefore, this article investigates the use of assisted reproductive technologies to analyze the role of gamete transfer and reproductive tourism in globalization. After conducting a literature review, we found that most patients choose countries that provide high-quality care, have low medical costs, allow patients to quickly undergo surgery and obtain gametes, and have relatively less rigorous laws. The economic capital required for reproductive tourism and the class differences it delineates demonstrate the complexity of reproductive politics. Moreover, the price of gametes differs greatly between countries, which in some cases leads to the exploitation of donors or sellers. Consequently, it is necessary to actively formulate relevant laws and regulations to protect people’s rights in reproductive tourism.