出土秦漢法律文獻中的「庶人」

Qin and Han Dynasties Unearthed Legal Documents “shù rén (common person)”

本文主要探討出土秦漢法律文獻中的「庶人」，其確切身分經研究包括「大男（56歲以上免除兵役、服徭役男性）」、「大男（15歲以上服徭役、未服兵役男性）」、「大女（15歲以上女性）」，以及從「罪囚」、「奴婢」出身的被赦免者。其共同點在於他們皆無需服兵役，故推測「士伍」與「庶人」的差別在於「士伍」需服兵役，而「庶人」不需服兵役。與西周早期「庶人」為男性成丁相較，秦漢時期「庶人」包含「大女」，象徵婦女地位的提升；而「庶人」可包含從「罪囚」、「奴婢」出身的被赦免者，象徵著當時社會階層向上流動的管道暢通。

This paper discusses the Qin and Han Dynasties unearthed legal document “shu ren (common person)”. The exact identity of “shu ren (common person)” comprises “males (over 56 years old, exempt from military service, but serve corvee)”, “males (over 15 years old, exempt from military service, but serve corvee)”, “females (over 15 years old)”, pardoned criminals, pardoned slaves. Their common is that they are not required to perform military service. So we speculated that the difference between “Shi Wu (soldier)” and “shu ren (common person)” is “Shi Wu (soldier)” required military service, and “shu ren (common person)” without military service. Early Western Zhou Dynasty “shu ren (common person)” means adult males. Comparison with the “shu ren (common person)” of the Western Zhou, Qin and Han Dynasties, Qin and Han Dynasties “shu ren (common person)” comprises “females (over 15 years old)” that is symboled to enhance the status of women. As well as Qin and Han Dynasties “shu ren (common person)” comprises “pardoned criminals” and “pardoned slaves” that is symboled social stratification upward mobility without being impeded.