論清代宗族的糾紛化解功能

On the Function of Disputes Resolution by Clan During Qing Dynasty

依據家規族訓，化解宗族成員間糾紛，是傳統宗族的主要重要功能之一。傳統中國宗族首先通過糾紛發生前的息訟宣教，希望族人能夠保持克制、寬容及忍訟，消除訟爭，這既是歷代政府追求的理想治理模式，也是絕大多數民眾期盼的生活狀態。糾紛發生後，調解被視為化解糾紛的優先選擇，通過調解，可以保持宗族內部的團結，維繫熟人社會秩序。對於族人的不良行為，宗族依照族規，在公共祠堂進行處罰，可以有效預防違法犯罪，維護社會治安。對於不服家規處罰的族人，由宗族送官究治，及時獲得官府的支持，實現宗族司法與國家司法自然對接，國家法與民間法在此變得高度契合。家規族訓雖不屬於國家法律體系，但無論是形式還是功能，都與國家法律體系關聯密切，一定時期，可能與國家發生衝突，但總體而言，家規族訓與國家法律多為互通、互動及互補關係，是維繫基層社會秩序不可或缺的規則體系。家庭、宗族是教會人們遵守規則的初始單位，宗族發揮的化解糾紛功能，分擔了國家的司法壓力，降低了民眾的司法成本，節約了國家司法資源。

Mediation of disputes among clan members by family rules or clan diciplines is one of the most important functions of a traditional clan. Preventive propgation against litigation and promotion of tolerance and forbearance to eliminate dispute was an ideal model of governance for the vast majority of people. After a dispute took place, mediation is considered a preferred resolution. Because it can maintain unity within the clan and social order. Clan rules do not belong to national legal systems, but overall they were closely related to and complementary with state laws working together to maintain social order at the grassroots level. Family and clan were where people were taught to comply with the rules, and a clan can play key role to resolve disputes, thus reducing the judicial burden for the state while lowering the cost of justice for people.