旗民不婚？──清代族群通婚的法律規範、實踐與意識

Marriage Prohibition between Banner People and People out of the Eight Banners? ──The Legal Norm, Legal Practice and Legal Consciousness of Intermarriage among Ethnic Groups in Qing Dynasty

滿清統治者長期對滿、漢、蒙等民族實行旗、民二元分治政策，因此，旗、民不同族群之間的通婚問題不僅對於了解清代婚姻法乃至整個民事法律體系具有重要意義，而且能夠從一個側面反映出滿洲執政者的統治思想、民族政策以及下層民眾在社會實踐與法律意識層面的回應。旗民之間究竟是否可以通婚？過去的回答一般都是「旗民不婚」，但考察《大清律》《戶部則例》甚至歷代皇帝諭旨等法律規範則不難發現，在法規範層面，有清一代，從來就沒有一個全面的、普遍的、適用於全體人民的旗民之間通婚的禁令；即使是在一定範圍內的通婚限制也隨時而動，呈現出一個複雜的動態流變過程。法律制度需要法律實踐以回應，法律實踐背後則有法律意識和法律思想。而考察清代史料中呈現出的婚姻狀況則可以發現，清代上至帝王將相，下至販夫走卒都在積極踐行著旗民之間的通婚，而並不是將其視作一個不可越步的雷池。而清代文藝作品中則反映出當時的人們在法律意識層面對於旗民通婚問題的理解、樂見和同情。通過對於法律條文、史料記載和文藝記錄的爬梳，可以看出，清代社會在法律規範、實踐和意識三個層面對於旗民通婚問題有別於傳統敘述的差異，旗民通婚非但不是被絕對禁止的，在某種程度上說甚至是被允許和鼓勵的。

Manchu rulers separate people no matter they are Han, Manchu or Mongolia into banner people and people out of the Eight Banner long-term in Qing Dynasty. Therefore, the situation of intermarriage between people of different ethnic groups is very significant to the understanding of the Marriage Law and the whole civil law system in Qing Dynasty. What’s more, it is also a side view of the Manchu rulers’ ruling thought, ethnic policy and the ordinary people’s response in social practice and legal consciousness. When discussing the intermarriage issue in Qing Dynasty, the habitual answer is 'banner people do not marry people out of the Eight Banner.' However, when investigating 'Qing Code', “Statutes of Hubu' and even imperial edicts, it is difficult to say there is a universal intermarriage ban on the level of legal norms among different ethnic groups in Qing Dynasty. The legal norms should be responded by the legal practice, and there are legal consciousness and legal thought behind legal practice. Reviewing the history, from the emperors to the lower class in Qing Dynasty, most of them were actively practicing intermarriage among different ethnic groups. What’s more, the literary works in Qing Dynasty also reflected peoples’ understanding and sympathy to the intermarriage issue. To sum up, via presenting the legal provisions, historical records and literary records, it appears that, the intermarriage between banner people and people out if the Eight Banners is not an absolute prohibition in Qing Dynasty. It is even be allowed or encouraged in some ways, which is different from the traditional narration.