論辛亥革命是不徹底革命的原因

A Tentative View of the 1911 Revolution as an Incomplete Revolution

就歷史事實而言，辛亥革命並不是一個成功的革命，它在完成政治革命的第一階段工程，即推翻中國帝制之後，並沒有繼續完成統一中國的第二階段任務，所以被稱為「不澈底的革命」。是什麼因素讓孫中山領導的革命無法畢其功於一役？本文認為，乃因中國缺乏對新革命思維的全面認識與接受，即便推翻千年帝制，舊勢力仍然陰魂不散。孫中山希望透過革命建立中國的共和體制，因為缺乏一支有組織的革命武力而與代表舊勢力的會黨結合；會黨屬於舊勢力的一環，它在革命中扮演重要的角色，但會黨的舊思維後來卻成為共和國的負擔而成了孫中山在革命後亟欲掃除革命的障礙。本文以Tocqueville 「舊制度與大革命」的概念闡釋這段歷史。

In terms of historical facts, the 1911 Revolution wasn’t a successful revolution. It is called an “incomplete revolution” for its failure to complete the second phase of uniting China after completing the first phase of political revolution, that is, overthrowing autocratic monarchy of China. Why did the revolution led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen not succeed on the first strike? This article argues that the reason was because China was lacking of full knowledge and acceptance of the new mindset of revolution. Although thousands years of autocratic monarchy was overthrown, the old regime was still lingering. Dr. Sun Yat-sen hoped to build republicanism in China via revolution and he cooperated with the societies representing the old regime due to the lack of an organized revolution military force. The societies, which played a vital role in the revolution, belonged to the old regime; however, the old thinking of the societies became a burden of the Republic and an obstacle which Dr. Sun Yat-sen desperately wanted to remove after the revolution. The approach this article uses is borrowed from Tocqueville’s “L'Ancien Régime et la Révolution (The Old Regime and the French Revolution).”