排煙系統設置與消防人員搶救時效之研究－－以新北市長期照顧機構為例

The Research on Equipment of Fire-Control Ventilation and Effectiveness of Rescue by Firemen: Case Study on Long-Term Health-Care Institutions in New Taipei City

近年來，人口老化現象已漸形成一股隱憂，建立安心及安全的長期照護場所將是政府面對高齡化社會的重點工作；101年10月23日臺南市新營醫院北門分院護理之家發生13死、70多人受傷的重大火警災例，探究其發生原因為病患多屬於行動力不佳，無法自行避難的狀況，又加上現場護理人員不足，無法第一時間進行同步疏散，而導致悲劇的發生；在現行老人收容中心、養護機構林立，且多設置於都市大樓的狀況下，考量當火災發生時，針對行動不便、長期臥床之老人收容場所，就現況增設防護設備以維護生命安全及延長待救之黃金時間，為本文研究之課題。本研究擬使用火災模擬軟體NIST/BFEL（美國國家標準暨技術協會火災實驗室）所發展出的火災模擬軟體FDS（Fire Dynamics Simulator）進行模擬，模擬火災發生時煙層下降至離居室地面一定高度之影響避難極限值時間，將煙控制在一定區域內或是維持在一定的安全高度上，防止煙流擴散而危害人命，讓人員能成功逃生及消防人員順利進行搶救。研究結果顯示：增設排煙設備能有效延遲煙層下降及提高能見度，有利消防人員之搶救，並將煙及熱氣排出，減緩火場溫度之攀升及降低CO_2濃度，有效提供病患於消防人員到達時較為安全的環境。另外此一模擬結果建議若僅單一排煙口應優先設置於主要出入口。

Nowadays, The aging phenomenon can threaten our society, and the reliable and safe Long-Term Health-Care Institutions should be crucial issue to our government. Taking the fatal fire alarm with 13 dead and 70 injured in Tainan nursing home Sin-Ying Hospital Bai-Men branch on 2012/10/23 as an example, we can find out that most patients were unable to escape away from the fire caused by impaired physical conditions as well as insufficient nurses to implement evacuation. Nowadays, although there're overflowed caring centers and institutions, they are existed in metropolitan apartments without sufficient space and walking aisles, which can cause serious injury and/or death. This research is focus on helping impaired elders escape away from the fire by adding more equipment for life security and extended rescue under present conditions. The research uses the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) to simulate the fire alarm with the time that the smoke can be down to the ground to jeopardize refuge; then, specific steps to limit the smog within some area and/or space for fleeing or rescuing lives from fire should be adopted. The research indicates that additional smoke ventilation equipment can decelerate the speed of smoke down to the ground and improve visibility efficiently, which favors rescue and heat emission for restraining the acceleration of temperature and density of CO_2 for safer environments before the arrival of fire fighters for patients. Furthermore, this research also strongly suggests to have the exhaust equipment at the main exit once if only with one-row exhaust equipment.