清──朝鮮時期漢．滿．韓互譯中的文字對音以《漢清文鑑》滿文的韓文表記法為例

Transliteration of Chinese, Manchu and Korean in the Qing/Joseon Dynasty--Using the Transliteration of Manchu into the Korean “Han-cheong-mun-gam” Notational System as an Example

中國清朝、也即韓國朝鮮朝中後期，中韓兩國在各方面往來甚密。這一點在語言文字的交流上也可以體現。司譯院，起源於高麗朝，興盛於朝鮮朝，是負責朝鮮外事翻譯和外國語教育的國家機關。司譯院中設有四學，分別是負責漢語翻譯與教學的漢學、負責蒙語的蒙學、負責日語的倭學和負責滿語的清學。同時也擔當了這些語言文字互通的重要角色。漢滿韓對音書籍甚多，其中保存最完整、體系最完善、種類最豐富、詞例量最大、最具有代表性的當屬《漢清文鑑》。本文將以此為切入點，對這些滿文的韓文表記一一考察，尤其對這些特殊的韓文字所表記的音值及其原理做深入研究。這些特殊韓文的音值，因其所表之音為被表滿文之音，故可通過被表滿文的音值來被推定。而滿文所代表之音，未必均為滿語之音，也有表記漢語的滿文之音。為了明確這些特殊韓文的音值，首先需確定被表滿文的音值。為盡詳實，本文將“漢語──滿文”與“滿語──滿文”分為兩部份分別論述。

The relations between the Qing and late Joseon dynasty were very close, as we can see, among other ways, with regard to the exchange of scripts. The Sa-yeok Academy（司譯院）, which was founded in the Korean Goryeo dynasty and prospered in the Joseon dynasty, was the official state office for foreign languages and was responsible for translating foreign texts. This academy had four sections: a Qing Chinese Department, a Mongolian Department, a Japanese Department and a Manchurian Department. Its scholars could therefore see the vital role played by Chinese, Manchu and Korean in the Korean notational system. 　　There are many books with transliteration tables for Chinese characters, Manchu and Korean. The best preserved, most systematic and varied of these, with the greatest number of examples, is the “Han-cheong-mun-gam”（漢清文鑑）. This article explores the latter further, looking closely at the Korean notational system from Manchu and especially at the sound values of the special Korean notational signs. Since these were used to signify Manchu sound values, we could use them to infer the sound values of these special Korean notational signs. Not all the sounds represented by Manchu signs may be Manchu sounds; some may (also) be Chinese sounds. In order to clarify the sound value of these special Korean notational signs, we first need to verify the sound value of the signs used in Manchu. This study therefore comprises two sections: “Chinese language – Manchu script” and “Manchu language – Manchu script”.