臺灣海洋保護區管理之探討－－以東南亞國家為借鏡

Management of Marine Protected Areas in Taiwan - Lessons Learned from Southeastern Asia Countries

海洋保護區數量於1970至1980年代緩步成長，至2000年後快速增加，於2010年突破萬個，在2015年總面積占全球海洋面積約4%。本研究探究東南亞國家海洋保護區的發展與管理制度，並與臺灣比較。結果顯示東南亞國家海洋保護區面積占海域面積比例為0.05%~3.26%，以印尼、菲律賓、泰國的面積最高，執法與評估較強。越南、馬來西亞次之，至於柬埔寨、緬甸、汶萊、新加坡等國投入有限。至於臺灣，公告海洋保護區總面積占沿岸12海浬47.5%，惟禁捕區比例僅有5.4%。臺灣海洋保護區現有監控與執法仍有不足，建議應：（一）建置臺灣海洋環境基本資料及長期資源調查體系，俾確保海洋保護區成效；（二）強化執法能量及加重罰則，以有效嚇阻非法漁業；（三）引入環保團體及政府，適度財務資助其經營運作；以及（四）由海洋委員會整合行政部門與權益相關人，積極管理，以達海洋資源保護之目標。

The marine protected areas (MPAs) developed slowly in 1970s to 1980s and the number of MPAs increased rapidly to 10,000 in 2010 and reached 4% of global marine areas in 2015. This research aims to review the developing progress and management system of MPAs of Southeast Asian countries, and further to compare with Taiwan's MPAs system. Results showed the percentage of MPAs to their territorial seas is ranged from 0.05% to 3.26%. Among those countries, Indonesia, Philippines and Thailand have higher percentage or areas and invested more monitoring and enforcement than others, followed by Malaysia, and Vietnam. As for the Cambodia, Myanmar, Brunei Darussalam and Singapore, the MPAs management is limited. As for Taiwan, the total percentage is 47.5% to its 12 nautical miles waters. However, the percentage of no-take zone to the territorial sea is only 5.4%. The percentage was much higher than other southeast countries because of the different definition. In addition, the monitoring and control system is still limited in Taiwan. It is suggested that: (1) the Taiwan basic marine environment databank and long-term scientific assessment system should be established; (2) to strengthen the enforcement and the punishment fines for violation of the laws, in order to effectively eliminate the illegal fisheries; (3) to introduce environmental non-governmental organizations and stable government financial input to ensure the sustainable management mechanism; (4) to coordinate the administrative agencies and stakeholders by the Ocean Affairs Council. Through the implementation of these active actions, it is expected to achieve the goal of marine resources conservation.