宋──明陳靖姑信仰的演變

The Transformation of Cult of the Lady Linshuifrom Sung to Ming Dynasty

陳靖姑信仰是臺灣和福建仍然相當活躍的民間信仰之一，是一經歷長期的演變，累積形成的女性神祗。這個信仰形成於唐末，到了宋代已經獲得國家的承認，載於祀典。在唐宋期間，巫術、難產死亡、顯靈斬蛇、救助產婦是整個信仰的主題，信仰的形式深具民間巫術的形式。這些元素在陳靖姑信仰形成的福州的社會環境中便可以搜索出來。《夷堅志》中所收關於福州的故事證明陳靖姑信仰的形成與平時生活經常遭遇到的難題有關。但是，明朝以後傳述陳靖姑的內容卻大相徑庭。明時期的陳靖姑故事充滿了「以道掩巫」的意味，死於非命的情節已經不再描述。這樣的結果，或許明太祖的祠祀改革政策是一條可供討論的線索。總而言之，陳靖姑的信仰是在宋明時代推移的過程中，不斷吸收民間的社會習慣、道教的影響，調整、應對國家權力的限制而產生的。

The cult of Lady Linshui is one of the popular religions which still practice actively in Taiwan and Fujian in China. It is also a religion that has long history and accumulates a lot of new elements by time. The cult of Lady Linshui was begin in late T’ang, and was sponsored by government in Sung dynasty. Sorcery, dead in dystocia, to make its presence in killing the snake and to help lying-in women were the subjects of the religion. And we can find these elements in the society of Fuzhou which the religion came from. The stories about Fuzchou which were be included in Hong Mai’s Record of the Listener could demonstrate that the formation of the cult of the Lady Linshui was tied with the difficult problems which were encountered in everyday life. However, after the Ming Dynasty, the stories on Lady Linshui which people told were different from before. The stories were full of elements of Taoism to cover the magical nature. The plot of bad-dead was no longer described. The policies of religion which Tai-tsu announced were, by any possibility, one of the clues that resulted in the new phase of the cult of Lady Linshui. In a word, the making of cult of the Lady Linshui was a proceeding of absorbed persistently the popular customs, the elements of Taoism, and to answer readily the constraints from the state authority.