晚清八旗兵制政策探析

Analyzation of the Policy of the Payment for Bannermen in Later Qing Dynasty

八旗在清代為「國家根本」滿洲統治者為鞏固其政權，往往多于旗人諸多優厚待遇。此種優厚待遇反映在經濟層面，主要係讓旗人生活擁有諸多保障，享有不同於綠營的糧制制度，使旗人成為一種特殊群體。然而，連至清代晚期，由於內憂外患接躍而來，清政府財政每況愈下，終至不得不調整旗人的糧制制度。雖然清廷在國家財政狀況好轉時曾試圖恢復旗人的待遇，惟此種削減旗制的過程卻無以逆轉，雖然至民國時期才完全廢除旗備，但裁停旗制已成為清末的政策目標之一。晚清調整旗制政策的過程中，反映自清初以來便已存在的「差序格局」即以滿洲統治者為中心，依先八旗後綠營、先在京後駐防等次序于以不同的調整。在此格局之下，愈屬於統治集團外圍者，其權利愈容易被犧牲。而且，從八旗兵鍋削減、恢復以及裁停的過程，亦可看出旗人所享之優厚待遇逐漸削減，在經濟面向上漸次朝向旗民一體的發展。

Rulers of the Qing dynasty regarded the “Eight Banners system as the foundation of the country' and have therefore rewarded the bannermen with a variety of privileges. Such privileges were ref1ected in much superior economic treatments than those in Green Standard Army. However, with serious difficulty in later Qing period, finances of government are getting worse to a level that they must change their treatment toward the bannermen. This process is irreversible, though the Qing government tried to restore the superior economic treatment for bannermen, the total abolish of payment for bannermen were being set as ultimate goal of later Qing government. The adjustment of payment for bannermen does have a “structure of grade', it ref1ects on the ruler of Manchu as its core, with the Eight Banners then Green Standard Army as its outer rim. In this structure, the benefit of members of outer rim is more likely to be expendable. And the adjustment mentioned above also shows a development of the combination ofBannermen and civilian in the economic aspect.