清朝乾嘉時期庶民社會的邪教恐懼與秩序危機：以檔案中的民間秘密宗教案件為中心

Crisis and Fear in Rural Society in the Qian-Jia Reign: Focus on the Qing archives of popular religion and sectarian

回顧學界對於清朝民間秘密宗教研究，前輩學者們主要是依據清朝檔案文獻進行教派源流的釐清，並討論民間宗教在教義上、儀式上的各種演變等等。相較前人的研究，本文則試圖由庶民日常生活中的各種衝突糾紛入手，討論清朝檔案中的民間秘密宗教案件，並採取不同的審視角度進行分析。筆者試圖探究在清朝乾嘉時期的庶民社會中，究竟那些事件會在鄰里間造成邪教恐慌，並如骨牌效應般引起一連串的誣告控訴案件。研究方法上，本文將以乾嘉時期各起邪教控告案件作為討論的主軸。並由案件本身的分析出發，進而擴及討論其時的各種社會情境。案件分析方面，本文擬針對「教門中人越境霸集」、「匿名揭帖誣告習教」、「混充教匪」、「隱形邪術」、「施咒砸打白布」等數個案件，分析清朝乾嘉時期庶民社會的邪教恐懼與秩序危機。筆者希望透過關於各起民間秘密宗教案件的深入研究，在一窺其中曲折緣由的同時，亦得以審視乾嘉盛世富足安樂的表象下，清代庶民社會的種種真實面向。

In the study of Chinese popular religion, compared with studies on European witchcraft, there is not enough research on the topic of hostilities and conflicts among the members of rural society. I use “neighborhood” as a research approach to analyze the fears and crises in rural society during the Qian-Jia reign. The Qing archival collections provide many legal confessions from sectarian religious believers and their leaders and their leaders. These archives provide two new breakthroughs regarding research approaches. First, not only a breakthrough in researching data, but also the governmental archives give us a multi-formed, multi-layered, social history of rural society in Qian-Jia reign. Neighbors, officials, sectarians, and rebels co-exist in the same sphere of rural society; they share the same background in the records of governmental files: this is the major point of this research essay. Both officials and sectarians are members of local society; they share the same cultural background, live under the same imperial system. What their imaginations and fears are regarding their neighborhoods is the main purpose of this essay.