從老君到天尊：對北朝天師道教團發展史的幾點觀察

From the Laojun to the Tianzun: Observations on the development of the Way of the Celestial Masters during the Northern Dynasties of China

本文試圖分析三種性質相異的材料所呈現北朝天師道主神崇拜變化的現象，來考察北朝天師道可能的發展景況。文中首先以陳垣《道家金石略》所錄的造像記為分析對象，這部分反映出民間信仰者的奉道情況。再者是兩份記載道教發展史的正史材料：《魏書‧釋老志》和《隋書‧經籍志》〈道經序〉對北朝道教活動的記載，亦即代表官方認識的道教紀錄；並附論一篇奉道士人的作品〈道教實花序〉。最後則是道教教團內部奉道者的道經。經由本文的討論，可知北朝天師道教團在至尊神崇拜上有從老君到天尊的轉化過程，這過程當中隱含豐富的歷史訊息與複雜的道教與國家間的互動關係，以及南北文化交流等重大的歷史課題；本文透過各項材料的分析，試圖填補在〈釋老志〉與〈道經序〉之間的罅隙：北朝天師道正是在上述過程當中，以其宗教共同體的組織形態逐漸吸收南方經系的教義，從而為唐代道教的整合──天師道的組織、靈寶經的大乘救度觀以及上清的個人修練法門──提供了重要的基礎。

This article focuses on discusses an interesting and significant phenomenon that the status the Laojun (老君)and the Tianzun(天尊)in the Way of the Celestial Masters (天師道), as well as the same variation of some different materials in Northern Dynasties of China. The paper is divided into two sections. Firstly, I examine the records of the steles in the Medieval Northern China and attempt to point out the significations that the amount difference between the steles of the Laojun and the Tianzun in the history of the Way of the Celestial Masters. Secondly, I compare with three historical records：Wei shu Shilao zhi (魏書釋老志), Sui shu Jingji zhi(隋書經籍志), Daojiao shihua xu(道教實花序)and analyze the relations with these historical records. Furthermore, I also discuss the influences that the Southern Lingbao Scriptures(靈寶經) on the Northern the Way of the Celestial Masters and the final portion of this paper, I offer three observations about the Southern - Northern culture communication in the Medieval China.