「洋老爺」的一天：從《拜客訓示》看明末耶穌會士在中國

The Daily Life of Western Lords: Reconstructing the Lives of Jesuit Priests in Late-Ming China Based on Bai Ke Xun Shi

本文藉由一本中文手稿《拜客訓示》內耶穌會士與僕人生活情境的各種對話，重新建構耶穌會士在明末時期的日常生活，以及初抵中國的新會士，如何透過此文本學習中國風俗習慣，並同時將天主教教義與西方風土民情介紹到中國。與此同時，從文本中所呈現的來華耶穌會士的生活方式，以及他們與中國士大夫、僕人、一般民眾的互動中，可以看出會士們除了巧妙的處理中、西方文化差異，並將雙方元素揉合於日常生活當中外，同時還得努力維持著一定的優渥生活，以便獲得中國士大夫認同他們同為「士人」的角色，進而有利於其在華的天主教宣教工作。

In this article, we reconstruct the daily lives of Jesuit missionaries in China during the late Ming Dynasty. Our evidence comes from a manuscript, 拜客訓示 Bai Ke Xun Shi (Instruction Pour les Visites de Mandarins), which contains dialogues between Jesuit priests and their Chinese servants and friends. In the work, we see how the Jesuits introduce European customs to the Chinese and learn alien customs in China. The various interactions between Jesuits, Chinese servants, Chinese Catholics, and Chinese scholar-gentlemen (士大夫 shidafu) show how the Jesuits deal artfully with the differences between China and Europe and combine various cultural elements in daily life. All the while, the Jesuits must be sure to live the kind of life that makes Chinese identify them as part of the shidafu class, as this identification makes missionary work go more smoothly.