覺浪道盛《莊子提正》寫作背景考辨

The Background of Juelang Daosheng’s Zhuangzi Ti Zheng《莊子提正》

明遺民僧覺浪道盛（1592-1659）《莊子提正》中有篇〈正莊為堯孔真孤〉，其中提出莊子「托孤」說，成為莊學史上極為特異的命題。同為明遺民的思想家方以智（1611-1671），傳承覺浪道盛此說，因而著成《藥地炮莊》。當代學者對「托孤」說有不少討論，惜未能考明《莊子提正》的寫作時間、地點與緣起。本文補上這個欠缺的重要環節，考辨此一學術疑題，確定覺浪道盛在順治五年（1648）住錫太平府當塗縣無相寺時，因回應不二社成員曹臺岳的請示而著成《莊子提正》。經由此一寫作背景，可知「托孤」說除了具有會通儒釋、調合三教的意義，也反映其為明遺民的論述。上述研究成果有助於吾人對覺浪道盛與方以智生平思想的認識與進一步研究。

Juelang Daosheng 覺浪道盛(1592-1659), a Ming loyalist monk straddling the Ming and Qing Dynasties, proposed an unusual thesis—the Tuo-Gu Theory 托孤說 in the studies of Zhuangzi in a chapter entitled “Zhuangzi Serves as the True Orphan of Yao and Confucius” 〈正莊為堯孔真孤〉 in his book Zhuangzi Ti Zheng《莊子提正》. The thinker Fang Yi-zhi 方以智(1611-1671) inherited this theory and wrote Yaodi Pao Zhuang 《藥地炮莊》. Although there has been much discussion among contemporary scholars about the meaning of the Tuo-Gu Theory, the exact time when, the location where, and the reasons why Zhuangzi Ti Zheng was written remain a mystery. This essay explores this puzzle and verifies that Daosheng wrote the book in the fifth year of Shunzhi’s 順治reign (1648), after consulting Cao Tai-Yue 曹臺岳, a member of the Bu-er Club 不二社, while Daosheng was staying at Wuxiang Temple, Dang-tu County, Tai-ping Prefecture 太平府當塗縣無相寺. Once this background is clarified, it becomes evident that, besides its intention to integrate Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism, the Tuo-Gu Theory should be read as an argument for the Ming loyalists.