「背」後玄機：談客語身體部位詞「背」之語法化歷程與空間認知架構

Grammaticalization and Beyond-The Invisible Space behind the Body-Part Term Boi(superscript 55) 'Back' (背) in Hakka

本文之主要研究目的有二：首先，我們檢視客語身體部位詞「背」在語法化歷程牽涉之語意動機與句法機制。在動機方面，「無生命物件為有生命個體」隱喻、「空間為物件」隱喻、「時間為空間」隱喻、「空間鄰近」轉喻以及「以類別成員替代類別」轉喻促成「背」之多樣性語意；在句法機制方面，透過重新分析與類推，「背」之詞類亦由自由語素用法發展出附著性高之類詞綴用法。另一方面，根據空間框架理論，本文進一步探討「本質空間框架」與「相對空間框架」如何影響「背」之語意，我們並發現，「背」字前不同的名詞類別與空間框架會產生不同的互動關係，經由詞彙意義與外在世界知識之連結，進一步造成不同程度的歧義現象。本研究結果為此普遍之語法化路徑提供另一實證，並展現客語「背」的語義發展，以及「背」由獨立的詞逐步虛化為類詞綴的過程。

The purpose of this study is twofold. On the one hand it examines the motivations and mechanisms activating various senses of the Hakka morpheme boi55 'back', along with its grammaticalization path. It is found that semantically, INANIMATE OBJECT-IS-ANIMATE CREATURE Metaphor, SPACE-IS-OBJECT Metaphor, TIME-IS-OBJECT Metaphor, Metonymy of spatial contiguity, and MEMBER- FOR-CATEGORY Metonymy are involved in this grammaticalization path. Syntactically, reanalysis and analogy bring about the morphosyntactic change of boi55 On the other, adopting frames of reference, this study, with Hakka boi55 as an illustration, investigates the interactions between spatial conceptualization and language. We show how the different choices of intrinsic or relative frames of reference influence the spatial interpretations of the sentences with boi55. And it is further demonstrated how the noun category preceding boi55 interacts with frames of reference and gives rise to different degrees of ambiguity. It is shown that the interaction of lexical meanings and world knowledge brings about different interpretations of a single form. The research findings prove that both universal and regionally restricted forces are needed to account for the structure of conceptual transfer.