明朝晚期〈福建海防圖〉的繪製及其時代背景

Drawing and Historical Background of ＂Fujian Coastal Defense Map＂ of Late Ming Dynasty

近年中國科學院圖書館所藏一幅明代海防地圖逐漸為外界所知，此圖除了描繪福建沿岸、近海島嶼，還包含遠洋島嶼：即北起琉球群島之那霸島，再南為臺灣島群，最南為呂宋島群。就明代海防地圖來看，這是首幅較詳細描繪上述三島群及其與福建相對位置的地圖，也是首幅記載上述三島群各港地名的地圖，是研究十六、十七世紀臺灣海域史的重要史料。本文分析此圖的內容，並著重討論繪製年代，依據圖中寨、遊移設地點、年代等跡象，以及與福建巡撫黃承玄在1616年（萬曆44年）前後奏疏比較，認為此圖可能繪於1616年福建倭警頻傳之時；亦即村山等安派船出征高砂國的傳聞，迫使福建官方加強沿海武備，應是此圖繪製的原因與時機。〈福建海防圖〉記錄了1610年代福建的海防部署，呈現當時福建官方對於閩海情勢的認知。此種描繪極富時代意義，不僅形象地呈現「東番諸山」的概念，亦隱喻著「海外別港」、「窮洋竟同鬧市」的想法，傳達出各股商業勢力在前述島嶼群活動的訊息，顯露了1610年代臺灣周遭海域的商業與地緣政治情勢。

In 2012, a late-Ming military map was partially reprinted in A descriptive catalogue of the antique maps collected in the Library of Chinese Academy of Sciences ＂輿圖指要＂. This large map depicts the waters around Fujian and Ryukyu, Taiwan as well as Luzon as outlying islands. Despite little attention by contemporary historians, the map is actually a rare and precious historical material that demonstrates knowledge of Fujian officials on the maritime geography in the early seventeen century. To explore the map-making historical background, this study examined issues regarding when the map was drawn, who drew it, and what was depicted including harbors, forts, bays and offshore islands. Analyzing the geographical representations and spatial configuration of the map indicated that it was made around 1616 A.D. by officials or related personnel of Fujian government in response to frequent attacks by Japanese pirates in the coastal region. Moreover, the map portrayed vividly the ideas of Fujian officials on coastal defense, as well as their knowledge of offshore topography and pirate activities in the eastern islands. In addition, the depiction on the map not only revealed commercial interests of neighboring countries in the coastal region but also shed light on the political situation of Fujian waters in the 1610s.