自然超自然主義　卡萊爾《衣服哲學》裡的物質與科學

Natural Supernaturalism Matter and Science in Thomas Carlyle's Sartor Resartus

過去關於卡萊爾（Thomas Carlyle）《衣服哲學》（Sartor Resartus）的研究，著重在超越主義與浪漫主義等主題。關於科學與物質的部分，若不是被歸類為異質聲音，與精神昇華主題矛盾，就是付之闕如。透過文本與其歷史脈絡與其他文本的互文對話，本文將重新審視《衣服哲學》的內在不協調。透過將盛行卡萊爾時代的自然神學、其自身經驗，以及其自創的自然超自然主義並列互文，本文將試圖挖掘《衣服哲學》中，不同以往以科學／宗教、物質／精神互為對立的二元結構，並重新劃界卡萊爾所欲呈現的二元空間：智慧者／愚昧者，內心之眼／肉體之眼，可見／不可見，純理性／粗糙邏輯，客觀世界／主觀世界，機械式的算計／能動的幻想（想像），自然／超自然。在新的二元思考架構下，本文將申論，卡萊爾並無特別強調內在而忽略物質，重視精神而批判科學。透過自然神學的重新詮釋，本文將重探卡萊爾所謂的智慧者與自然超自然主義，並主張卡萊爾並非全然的精神主義者或超越主義者，而是自處於「中庸」之道（物質與精神之間，自然與超自然之間）的智慧哲學家。

In the past, studies concerning Thomas Carlyle's Sartor Resartus are concentrated on the issues of transcendentalism and romanticism. The subjects of science and matter, however, are overlooked or denied for they are ”others” to contradict the subjects of spirit and transcendence. Via an intertextual reading of Sartor Resartus with its contemporary history and texts, this essay will examine the significance of ”science” and ”matter” as well as ”natural supernaturalism” in Sartor Resartus. To juxtapose the natural theology in Carlyle's age, his personal experiences, as well as his Natural Supernaturalism intertextually, this study will expose new dimensions of Carlyle's binary structures that are different from the traditional science/religion and matter/spirit divides. The new binary structure exposed will be: the wise vs. the foolish, the inner eye vs. the bodily eye, the invisible vs. the visible, pure reason vs. vulgar logic, the objective world vs. the subjective world, the mechanic calculation vs. the dynamic fantasy, and nature vs. the supernatural. Under the new structure of the binaries, this study will show that Carlyle never emphasizes the interior but ignores the exterior, and respects the spiritual but criticizes the scientific. Instead, the wise is more than an absolute transcendentalist and spiritualist, but a philosopher who ”stations himself in the middle” between matter (the exterior) and spirit (the interior) as well as nature and the supernatural.