挪用認同：歷史；清教論述與早期美國認同

Transferring Identity: History, Puritan Narrative, and Early American National Identity

美國國家認同早在獨立戰爭前一百五十餘年就已經開始成形。清教徒移民透過獨特的歷史觀以及類型寓喻等閱讀及書寫策略，建構自身為上帝選民的身分認同，並將英國新教及羅馬天主教歸為反基督的他者。清教徒移民與五月花號公約、感恩節、樸利墨斯石等均為建構而成之認同符號，卻也都是建構早期美國國家認同的基石。然而清教徒移民建構認同的策略，實係挪用自十六、十七世紀時英國新教徒建構自我與英國國家認同的策略，只不過不同於移民美洲的清教徒，英國新教徒自視為上帝的選民，反基督的他者則是羅馬天主教。本文探討當時的英國新教徒如何以書寫、歷史閱讀與類型寓喻等策略建構英國國家認同，以及美國清教徒移民如何挪用這些策略，用以建構早期移民對於斯土斯民的認同。

150 years before the War of Independence a sense of American National identity was already developing. Through their writing and reading of the New World venture, the Puritan settlers constructed their identity as God's chosen people in opposition to Antichristian influences. This construction of identity, marked by the 'Thanksgiving' and the 'Plymouth Rock,' was the cornerstone of what we now recognize as American identity. However, the strategy and rhetoric that these Puritans employed to construct their American identity were replicas of those employed by the Anglicans in their effort to construct an identity for the English as God's chosen people in a fight against the Antichristian influence of the Roman Catholic Church. This paper illustrates how identity strategies and rhetoric were first used by the English Protestants to construct English national identity in the Early Modem era, and how these strategies and rhetoric were then transferred by the Puritan settlers in constructing early American identity.