《易圖明辨》與儒道之辨

I-t’u ming-pien and the Distinction between Confucianism and Taoism

十七世紀中葉，受到明亡清興的震盪，儒者全面藉由回歸傳統的經典，從事新的研究工作。他們注意到原屬於道教的思想學說闌入儒學，尤其集中於《易》學之中，茲事體大，必須將儒道之間的界線劃分清楚。本文所稱的「儒道之辨」，指的就是當時儒者的這一項工作。胡渭《易圖明辨》一直被視為當時最具代表性、最能窮溯本末的一部《易》學著作。本文除前言和結論外，主要分為四個部分：1.介紹《易圖明辨》的寫作背景，以見胡渭生平及其進入儒道之辨論辯的歷程；2.分析《易圖明辨》的整體撰著方法；3.分析《易圖明辨》對《易》圖源流發展中重要的三個問題所作的分判；4.分析「儒道之辨」的三個歷程，即「破」、「立」及「補」，以見《易圖明辨》一書在學術史上的位置。結論認為，在「儒道之辨」的第一階段，學者直接攻擊北宋以降的《易》圖之學，著意於「破」而非「立」；胡渭《易圖明辨》標誌了第二個階段，為歷代《易》圖種種相關的學說尋覓其各自的源流歸屬，在這基礎上再行評價，亦即重在「立」而非「破」。第一、第二階段所未解決的關於朱子《易》圖思想的問題，歷經王懋竑及紀昀等學者的辨正，重在補充，則為第三階段。

This paper discusses Hu Wei's I-t'u ming-pien and the movement to distinguish Confucianism from Taoism in the mid-17th century. In response to the collapse of the Ming dynasty and the Manchurian conquest, Chinese scholars devoted themselves to rejuvenating Confucianism to rebuild a new, stronger cultural and scholarly environment. Part of their task was to purge the ideas and doctrines of Taoism prevalent in the tradition of I-t'u study (the study of diagrams used by traditional scholars to explain the I Ching and its theory) since the northern Sung dynasty. The I-t'u ming-pien was among the most well-known and influential works devoted to this aim. This paper consists of four sections. The first describes the historical background that led Hu Wei to write his book; the second explores the analytical method of the book; the third discusses three main problems in the tradition of I-t'u study and Hu's proposed solutions; and the fourth analyzes the three main stages of the movement to distinguish Confucianism from Taoism in the mid-17th century.